Conditional simulations of water–oil flow in heterogeneous porous media

This study is an extension of the stochastic analysis of transient two-phase flow in randomly heterogeneous porous media (Chen et al. in Water Resour Res 42:W03425, 2006), by incorporating direct measurements of the random soil properties. The log-transformed intrinsic permeability, soil pore size distribution parameter, and van Genuchten fitting parameter are treated as stochastic variables that are normally distributed with a separable exponential covariance model. These three random variables conditioned on given measurements are decomposed via Karhunen–Loève decomposition. Combined with the conditional eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of random variables, we conduct a series of numerical simulations using stochastic transient water–oil flow model (Chen et al. in Water Resour Res 42:W03425, 2006) based on the KLME approach to investigate how the number and location of measurement points, different random soil properties, as well as the correlation length of the random soil properties, affect the stochastic behavior of water and oil flow in heterogeneous porous media.     

Evaluating equilibrium and non‐equilibrium transport of ammonium in a loam soil column

Release of nitrogen compounds into groundwater, particularly those compounds from excessive agricultural fertilization, is a major concern in an aquifer recharge. Among the nitrogen compounds, ammonium ( ) is a common one. In order to assess the risk of agricultural fertilizer contamination to an aquifer through infiltration, adsorption onto a loamy agricultural soil profile (0–0.60 m depth) was studied using a soil column experiment and modelling simulation. The soil used in the experiment was drawn from an agricultural field in Xinzhen, Fangshan district, Beijing, China, and reconstituted in laboratory soil columns. Column experiments were conducted using bromide (conservative tracer) and ‐bearing aqueous solutions. The ammonium concentrations in the soil water samples were measured, and their values were plotted as the breakthrough curves. The chemical's soil–water distribution coefficients (K_d) were calculated using breakthrough curves. Then the retardation factor (R) in saturated soil was calculated. For the ‐bearing aqueous solutions, the strongest adsorption occurred at the soil depth of 0.30–0.45 m. The convection–dispersion equation model and chemical non‐equilibrium model in Hydrus‐1D were used to simulate transport in the loamy soil. The two‐site chemical non‐equilibrium model in Hydrus‐1D was best to simulate transport through the soil column. Parameter sensitivity study was conducted to investigate the influences of solute transport by K_d, the fraction of exchange sites assuming to be in equilibrium with the solution phase (f), the longitudinal dispersivity (λ), and the first‐order rate coefficients (ω). The sensitivity analysis results indicate K_d is the most critical parameter.     

人工源宽角地震实验的谱元法模拟和逆时偏移成像方法研究

人工源宽角反射(折射)地震资料具有偏移距较大、信噪比较低等特点,通常用于地震波走时反演重建地壳速度结构。逆时偏移成像方法作为勘探地震学领域获取地下构造形态的有效手段之一,可以有效弥补走时反演方法的不足。本文针对大偏移距宽角反射(折射)地震实验,利用四边形网格谱元法进行波场模拟,结合了有限元法的灵活性和谱方法的指数收敛性,高效且高精度获取模型合成地震记录,后采用逆时偏移成像方法将合成地震记录偏移归位,获取地壳几何结构,验证了逆时偏移成像方法在宽角地震资料处理及结果解释中的适用性,为后期实际地震资料的偏移成像提供了理论依据和支持。     

Perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for frequency-domain acoustic wave simulation in the mesh-free discretization

Mesh-free discretization, flexibly distributing nodes without computationally expensive meshing process, is able to deal with staircase problem, oversampling and undersampling problems and saves plenty of nodes through distributing nodes suitably with respect to irregular boundaries and model parameters. However, the time-domain mesh-free discretization usually exhibits poorer stability than that in regular grid discretization. In order to reach unconditional stability and easy implementation in parallel computing, we develop the frequency-domain finite-difference method in a mesh-free discretization, incorporated with two perfectly matched layer boundary conditions. Furthermore, to maintain the flexibility of mesh-free discretization, the nodes are still irregularly distributed in the absorbing zone, which complicates the situation of artificial boundary reflections. In this paper, we implement frequency-domain acoustic wave modelling in a mesh-free system. First, we present the perfectly matched layer boundary condition to suppress spurious reflections. Moreover, we develop the complex frequency shifted–perfectly matched layer boundary condition to improve the attenuation of grazing waves. In addition, we employ the radial-basis-function-generated finite difference method in the mesh-free discretization to calculate spatial derivatives. The numerical experiment on a rectangle homogeneous model shows the effectiveness of the perfectly matched layer boundary condition and the complex frequency shifted–perfectly matched layer boundary condition, and the latter one is better than the former one when absorbing large angle incident waves. The experiment on the Marmousi model suggests that the complex frequency shifted–perfectly matched layer boundary condition works well for complicated models.     

差容式地震计机械摆结构分析与优化设计

地震计可对地震信息进行实时采集与记录,在地震预测和地震灾后监测中发挥了重要作用.本文针对差容式地震计机械摆固有频率高的问题,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立机械摆有限元模型,对关键结构十字簧片进行静态和模态分析,并对簧片形状进行拓扑优化设计.采用正弦标定法对优化前后机械摆固有频率进行测量.试验结果表明:优化后实际机械摆...     

采灌均衡条件下地热资源潜力评价方法探讨——以雄安新区碳酸盐岩热储为例

回灌是保障地热资源可持续开发利用的关键手段,而采灌均衡条件下地热资源潜力评价方法研究对地热资源的可持续开发利用具有重要意义。本文通过引入热突破和考虑回灌条件下单井开采权益保护半径的概念,提出了回灌条件下地热资源可开采量的评价方法,并以雄安新区雾迷山组碳酸盐岩热储层为例,分别计算了未考虑回灌条件和考虑回灌条件下的地热流体可开采量、可开采热量及折合标煤量。结果显示采用开采系数法计算的未考虑回灌条件下的可开采量要远小于考虑回灌条件下的可开采量;考虑回灌条件下三种方法的结果对比为：热突破法＞考虑回灌条件下单井开采权益保护半径(消耗15%)＞考虑回灌条件下单井开采权益保护半径(热储温度下降2℃),考虑地热资源的可持续性以及对热储环境严格保护要求,按照考虑回灌条件下单井开采权益保护半径方法计算的雄安新区雾迷山组热储地热开采量更为适宜。目前全国各地陆续出台相关政策要求实施地热回灌,该方法的提出为科学评价各地回灌条件下的地热可开采量提供了技术支撑。     

Assessment of the socioeconomic development levels of six economic corridors in the Belt and Road region

Recent years have witnessed rapid and widespread economic growth in regions involved in China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI), mainly due to the construction of six economic corridors. This paper aims to quantify the levels of six economic corridors according to the socioeconomic development levels in the BRI regions. Here, a gridded socioeconomic development index was first created, and a dividing line was drawn to reveal the distribution characteristics of socioeconomic development in the BRI ...     

滇中高原火后更新森林植物和土壤水分含量的时空格局（英文）

Plant moisture content(PMC) is used as an indicator of forest flammability, which is assumed to be affected by climate drought. However, the fire-induced drought stress on PMC and its spatial and temporal variations are unclear. Based on a parallel monitoring experiment from 2014 to 2015, this study compared the PMCs and soil moisture contents(SMC) at five post-fire sites in central Yunnan Plateau, Southwest China. The number of years since last fire(YSF), season, topographic position, plant species and tissue type(leaf and branch) were selected as causal factors of the variations in PMC and SMC. A whole year parallel monitoring and sampling in the post-fire communities of 1, 2, 5, 11 and 30 YSF indicated that drought stress in surface soils was the strongest in spring within the first 5 years after burning, and the SMC was regulated by topography, with 64.6% variation in soil moisture accounted for by YSF(25.7%), slope position(22.1%) and season(10.8%). The temporal variations of PMC and SMC differed at both interannual and seasonal scales, but the patterns were consistent across topographic positions. PMC differed significantly between leaves and branches, and among three growth-forms. The mean PMC was lower in broad-leaved evergreen species and higher in conifer species. Season and soil temperature were the primary determinants of PMC, accounting for 19.1% and 8.3% of variation in PMC, respectively. This indicated phenology-related growth rather than drought stress in soil as the primary driver of seasonal changes in PMC. The significant variations of PMC among growth forms and species revealed that seasonal soil temperature change and dominant species in forest communities are useful indicators of fire risk assessment in this region.     

1986—2017年呼伦湖湖冰物候特征变化

湖冰冰情物候特征是气候变化的敏感指示器之一。论文以呼伦湖为研究对象,基于MODIS、Landsat、GF-1、HJ-1等多源遥感影像及气象数据,利用RS和GIS技术综合分析了1986—2017年呼伦湖冰情物候特征及其对区域气候的响应。结果表明：① 呼伦湖年均开始冻结时间在10月下旬至11月上旬,从结冰开始到完全封冻的时间平均只有6.4 d;开始融冰时间在次年的4月上旬,消融期平均为32 d左右,到5月初或5月上旬湖冰完全融化。② 1986—2017年,在整个研究期呼伦湖完全封冻期呈现显著缩短趋势,平均缩短18.5 d;完全结冰时间有一定延迟现象,平均延后8.4 d;冰全部融化时间呈现提前趋势,平均提前了11.2 d。③ 湖冰冻结消融空间特征表现不同,冻结时先从湖岸形态较复杂地区结冰,然后由东岸向西岸迅速封冻,消融时先从湖泊西北岸开始,逐渐向东岸融化。④ 在影响因素方面,呼伦湖冰情特征主要受到区域气温、风速、风向等因素的影响。     

资源环境承载力综合评价方法在西藏产业结构调整中的应用

经济的快速发展造成资源的过度消耗和环境恶化,资源环境承载力研究逐渐得以关注。本文构建了产业、人口、经济、资源、环境综合分析框架,该框架首先评价各产业对区域社会经济的重要性,确定产业结构调整方向;进而分析产业、人口与资源环境间相互作用机制,明晰产业经济、人口规模与资源利用、环境污染的关系;然后开展资源环境承载力综合评价,为实现环境友好、资源有效利用前提下的最大社会经济发展规模提供依据。西藏自治区案例研究结果显示,有色金属矿采选业、旅游业、酒饮料和精制茶制造业对当地社会经济系统有着重要作用,成为支柱产业;不同发展情景的资源环境承载力评价,确定了资源环境限制下各种产业结构调整所能支撑的最大人口和经济规模,为区域产业发展提供决策依据。本文所构建的分析框架可为实现“社会经济—资源环境”系统可持续发展提供决策支撑。该框架的建立增强了资源环境承载力评价方法在辅助决策方面的可操作性,有助于推进区域资源环境承载力理论研究和实践应用。