Kriging模型在区域重力数据插值中的应用

探讨Kriging插值法在重力异常数据插值中的应用,根据已有实测数据进行距离分组试验,得到变异函数;将插值结果与反距离加权法和移动趋势面分析法结果进行比较分析,认为Kriging插值具有更高的拟合精度,更能适应数据变化较大的区域。     

基于聚落演变的岩溶山区小尺度人口数推算方法——以普定后寨河地区为例

运用高分辨率遥感数据源,从聚落入手,采用聚落调查法和GIS空间分析方法,在小尺度上建立基于研究区普定后寨河地区的总体情况、地形地貌差异、聚落等级的岩溶山区乡村聚落空间规模与人口数之间的相关关系,并在此基础上对其4个时期独立聚落人口动态数量进行回归模拟。步骤为:1)建立研究区已获取人口数的聚落空间分布规模(面积)与人口数的一元线性相关关系,对研究区聚落与人口进行回归分析,推算出研究区各时期无法获取准确数据的独立聚落人口数;2)建立各地貌区聚落空间规模与人口的线性关系,推算基于地貌类型无法获取准确数据的聚落人口数;3)考虑聚落空间规模的等级效应,将研究区各时期聚落按空间分布规模划分为高、中、低3个规模等级,计算不同等级内已获取人口数聚落的人均聚落面积,然后推算未知人口数聚落的人口数;4)在上述三种推算方式的基础上,使用平均法计算各时期每个独立聚落人口数。通过对比县志、人口资料和实地调查,证明通过聚落与人口数之间的相关关系推算聚落人口数是基本有效的、准确的。     

武陵山片区县域产业增长的空间特征

以武陵山片区67县市三次产业的增长效应为研究对象,应用SSM分析与ESDA分析相结合的方法,在对片区内各县市2003-2009年间三次产业增长效应分解的基础上,进一步考察了各增长效应的空间分布特征.结果表明:1.片区内县域产业增长呈现出明显的空间自相关性,即增长效应相似的县市趋于集聚在一起,但自相关强度仍然较弱且各分量效应间差异明显,第一二产业竞争力较强的县市空间集聚程度更高,而第三产业资源配置较合理的县市相对趋于集中;2.片区内各县市按照比较优势进行分工合作的动机不强,资源配置不够合理,特别是在成长性产业二三产业中恶性竞争问题仍十分突出.基于上述结论,从优化资源空间配置、加强县域合作两个方面提出了加快片区县域产业发展的建议.     

新疆阿尔泰山圆叶桦空间分布对温度变化的响应

阿尔泰山圆叶桦由于生长周期短、对气候变化反应灵敏,具有典型的指示意义.以长时间序列遥感数据为基础,借助GIS技术和分形插值方法,研究近24 a来阿尔泰山圆叶桦的空间分布对温度变化的响应,结果表明：近24 a来阿尔泰山气温上升速率为0.18℃·（10a）^-1,圆叶桦面积增速达7.28%,圆叶桦随随温度上升呈显著增长,且温度上升速率越大,圆叶桦面积增长越快;圆叶桦分布的平均海拔随温度升高呈上升趋势,温度上升不仅促进了圆叶桦面积的扩大,还抬高了圆叶桦分布的平均海拔,且温度变化对海拔较高区域的植被生长影响力较大;各坡向圆叶桦面积随温度的上升均有所增加,温度上升对阳坡圆叶桦影响显著,对阴坡圆叶桦影响微弱.     

Nitrogen budget in the Changjiang River drainage area

We established a budget model of nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs between watersheds and waterbodies to determine the sources of riverine N in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River drainage area. Nitrogen inputs in the budget included N from synthetic fertilizer, biological fixation by leguminous and other crops, wet/dry atmospheric deposition, excreta from humans and animals, and crop residues. The total N input was estimated to be 17.6 Tg, of which 20% or 3.5 Tg N was transported into waterbodies. Of the total N transported into waterbodies, the largest proportion was N from animal waste (26%), followed by N from atmospheric wet/dry deposition (25%), synthetic fertilizer N (17%), N in sewage wastes (17%), N in human waste from rural areas (6%) and industrial wastewater N (9%). We studied the spatial patterns of N inputs and outputs by dividing the Changjiang River drainage area into four sub-basins, from upstream to downstream: the Tongtian River drainage area (TTD, the headwater drainage area, 138 000 km 2 , less disturbed by human activities); the Jinsha River drainage area (JSD, 347 000 km 2 , less disturbed by human activities, approx. 3 500 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary); the Pingshan-Yichang drainage area (PYD, 520 500 km 2 , large-scale human disturbance, about 2 000 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary); and the Yichang-Datong drainage area (YDD, 699 900 km 2 , large-scale human disturbance, approx. 620 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary). The average N input into waterbodies was 2.3, 7.3, 24.1, and 28.2 kg N/ha in the TTD, JSD, PYD, and YDD sub-basins, respectively, suggesting an increase of N-components of more than 10 times from upstream to downstream areas.     

利用MODIS/EVI数据分析干旱对西南地区植被的影响(英文)

2009年9月至2010年3月我国西南地区出现了有气象记录以来最严重的干旱,给当地的自然环境和生产、生活带来严重影响。本文利用多年MODIS/EVI数据求取距平植被指数来反映干旱对西南地区植被的影响。在此基础上,分析了西南地区植被受旱的时空格局及其可能影响因素。结果表明,我国西南地区植被受干旱影响的范围很大,超过地区总面积的50%,植被受旱程度时空差异显著。这种显著的差异除了受降水等气象因素影响外,还与不同植被类型对干旱的响应差异有很大关系。在西南地区三种主要的植被类型中,作物是最易受干旱影响的植被类型,草地次之,林地的抗旱能力最强。此外,植被干旱的空间分布与气象干旱也存在很大的差异,进一步证明了降水以外的其他因素对干旱程度的调节作用。研究证明与气象干旱指数相比,植被指数更能反映干旱的实际情况。但在使用植被指数衡量干旱影响时也要考虑到植被指数本身的局限性。     

万塘滑坡治理效果预测评价

万塘滑坡是湖北省秭归县香溪河右岸受库水位变动影响的土质滑坡,拟采用抗滑桩进行治理,迫切需要对治理效果进行预测评价。以万塘滑坡地质结构特征、形成机制为基础,采用极限平衡法、FLAC3D显式有限差分法、ABAQUS有限元法相结合,分别从滑坡治理前后稳定性系数变化、剩余推力大小、应力应变分布特征、塑性区变化、抗滑桩桩身结构受力条件5个方面对滑坡治理效果进行评价。研究结果显示,滑坡经治理后不但局部稳定性得到改善,整体稳定性也能满足规范要求。计算结果不但为自然条件下滑坡稳定性分析提供了参考,还为滑坡治理工程效果评价提供了依据,并对施工后布置监测工作有指导意义。      

蒙城地电场电极故障现象

根据对地电场观测系统和观测环境的检查,认为蒙城地震台数据变化与电极故障有关,非地震前兆异常.分析数据变化原因,叙述蒙城地震台本次电极更换的全过程,成功消除数据的不正常变化.     

蒙城地电阻率数据异常变化的应对措施

当地震前兆观测数据出现异常变化,特别是电阻率出现下降变化(范莹莹,2010)时,及时进行相应的检查、巡视和数据分析,是前兆异常核实工作的重要内容.针对此次数据变化,我们通过一系列的检查工作,初步排除观测系统、观测环境等因素.同时指出,本次数据变化时间短、幅度较小,目前尚无充分证据证明该变化属于震兆异常.     

Water Quality Management Based on Division of Dry and Wet Seasons in Pearl River Delta,China

In the Pearl River Delta (PRD), river water quality deteriorates continually due to the population increase and ongoing industrialization and urbanization. In this study, a water quality management paradigm based on the seasonal variation is proposed. For better exploring the seasonal change of water quality, wavelet analysis was used to analyze the division of dry and wet seasons in the PRD during 1952–2009. Then water quality seasonal variation in 2008 and relevant impact factors were analyzed by multivariate statistic methods as a case to make some management measures. The results show that there are some differences of dry and wet seasons division among different years. Wet season mainly appear from April to September, which occupy the largest proportion among the 58 years (about 70%) and then followed by the wet season from May to October (about 13.8% of the total years). As to the water quality of 2008, significant differences exist between dry and wet seasons for 17 water quality parameters except TP, , Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺. Levels of parameters pH, EC, COD_Mn, BOD₅, , , and Cl^? in dry season are much higher than those in wet season. In dry season the variations of river water quality are mainly influenced by domestic sewage, industrial effluents, and salt water intrusion. While in wet season, except the aforementioned pollution sources, drainages from cultivated land and livestock farm are also the main factors influencing water pollution. Thus, water quality management measures are proposed in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The results obtained from this study would further facilitate water quality protection and water resources management in the PRD.