基于MGE的广州市1∶2000地形图修编及入库方法探索

针对广州市1∶2000地形图修编及入库方法出现的各种问题,选择一个比较合理有效的修编成图及入库方法,提供一些有益的建议。     

以死亡度为人口损失标志的概率预测模型

在论述用死亡度来描述强震破坏合理性的基础上,利用与目前震害资料现状相一致的概率模型和相关资料,计算得到了中国各分区在未来不同时间发生不同死亡度的概率曲线;并以唐山地震震害得到的死亡度衰减关系,由现行的地震危险性分析模型,计算了华北北部（114°－117°E,39°－41°N）未来10年和50年超越概率10％死亡度的空间分布。     

新疆精河径流变化及其原因分析

利用1959~2012年精河出山口气温、降水、径流数据,对近54年的径流量特征变化进行统计分析、距平分析,采用Mann-Kendall法对天然径流进行检验,并对降水、气温、人口、工业、第一产业等影响因素进行主成分分析。结果表明:(1)精河地区的降水量和温度的变化趋势一致,均为上升趋势。径流量稳定,趋势线为几近平行于X轴的直线,斜率为0.001;(2)径流突变年为1988年,通过0.01的显著性检验,从1999年以后呈显著上涨趋势。近54年的精河径流距平变化趋势大体分为两个阶段,1958~1966年波动幅度较小,1966~2012年波动幅度明显增大;(3)对影响精河径流的几个影响因子进行主成分分析得出,人为因素对于径流的影响比较大,贡献率达到48.98%,远高于其他因子。     

基于增量段式的地形数据存储模型设计及算法实现

在研究地形多分辨率细节层次模型构建理论的基础上,提出了结合地形特征的模型细节层次的细分过程,改进了基于外存的数据存储设计方法。设计了基于增量段式存储的数据组织方式,研究了地形数据绘制过程中的裂缝现象,引入模型高度损失误差计算方法,通过采用增删高程点的办法,消除了绘制图形中的裂缝。以某地区的DEM数据为实验数据,采用C++和OpenGL编程实现了地形的绘制。结果表明：本存储策略优于传统存储策略,通过增量段式的形式存储不同分辨率的高程点,重叠的高程值不再重复存储,以节约外存空间,减少了数据冗余度,I/O操作时间提高率为25%。且随着数据量增加,I/O操作时间提高效率更为显著。该存储设计将物理分块、逻辑分层、索引检索方法结合在一起使用,在减少外存占用率、降低数据量加载的同时,也提高了数据扩展的灵活性。当增加地形分块时,不会影响原有分块和存储结构。实验效果与原始地形非常相似,保证了生成的细节层次模型的真实性。此外,针对DEM实验数据,在加载非相邻分辨率等级层次的数据时,地形绘制过程出现裂缝的问题,通过删除高程点的办法来消除裂缝,取得了很好的实验效果。     

Growth and reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sophora moorcroftiana</Emphasis> responding to altitude and sand burial in the middle Tibet

Sophora moorcroftiana, an endemic leguminous shrub in Tibet, is found in valleys, slopes, terraces from 3,000 to 3,900 m above sea level along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. S. moorcroftiana is more tolerant of sand burial than other species in the valleys and is regarded as an ideal species for studying acclimatization to climatic factors. Stem basal diameter showed decline as altitude increased from 3,039 to 3,928 m in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. Population density increased with the rise of altitude. However, seed bank density, seed germination and seed weight of S. moorcroftiana did not change with changing elevation. Plants responded to altitude variances with remarkable sensitivities. Stem basal diameter size declined along the vertical gradient between plateau and mountainside. Both in alpine and plateau areas, plants similarly adapted growth to altitude, but displayed different responses with respect to reproductive parameters, such as seed bank density, dry weight of seed, seed germination, seedling density and sapling density. Sand accretion remarkably reduced seed bank density and seedling density of the total population of S. moorcroftiana, but could promote shoot sprouting and shoot growing on the individual scale that stimulated the overall development of the population. The results suggested that this particular foredune species did not merely tolerate sand burial, but actually responded positively to sand accumulation.     

The impact of the development of water resources on environment in arid inland river basins of Hexi region, Northwestern China

Water resources use is a key parameter in the hydrological cycle, especially in arid inland of Northwest China, groundwater movement and circulation processes are closely related to the surface water, while recoverable and renewable groundwater mainly comes from the conversion of surface river water, and there is extensive transfer among rainfall, surface water and groundwater. Human activity, in particular, large-scale water resources exploitation and development associated with dramatic population growth in the last decades, has led to tremendous changes in the water regime. There are misuse and wastage of surface water with traditional multi-channel irrigation for most rivers, which in turn leads to over-exploitation of groundwater to augment supplies. This situation has been exacerbated by rapid population growth and socio-economic development, with decreased irrigational systems return to groundwater due to the irrigation system in the middle reaches of rivers in the Hexi region becoming better. The investigations of this study revealed that over the last decades, man-made oases have developed rapidly in various inland river basins. With the increasing human demand for water, the contradiction between water demand and water supply is becoming increasingly acute and the amount of groundwater usage significantly increased. Notwithstanding the annual surface water from mountains is relatively stable in the Hexi region, the recharges of groundwater have been reduced by 11.1%, with a maximum reduction of 50% in the Shiyang River basin. Groundwater abstraction increased by approximately six times, particularly in the Shiyang River basin, groundwater abstraction exceeds recharge by 4.1×10⁸ m³ year⁻¹ in recent decades. Consequently, the groundwater level has declined widely by 3–16 m, with a maximum decline of 45 m in several groundwater observation wells in the Minqin basin on the lower reaches of the Shiyang River basin. These cause serious human activity-induced environmental problems, such as water-quality deterioration, vegetation degradation, soil salinization and land desert desertification, etc. It is suggested that modernized irrigation technology and new regulation to cover water resources management and allocation with the river basins are urgently needed to achieve a sustainable development. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the development of water resources on the environment in arid inland river basins in Northwestern China, which were analyzed by comparing the three main river basins (i.e., the Shuilei, the Heihe and the Shiyang River basins) with different water resources development cases.     

冬季强低温天气对日光温室作物的影响

通过分析2001、2002年延安市日光温室内的温度资料，得出当外界气温达-20℃时，棚内温度可降至0℃以下，棚内作物受冻害，据此确定了强低温天气和气象服务标准；结合延安市宝塔区1951～2002年气象资料，分析了强低温天气分布特点及其对日光温室农业生产的影响，同时给出对策措施、建议和气象服务重点。     

地震活动和大地构造的特征尺度

系统的研究结果表明,相继发生的三个7级以上强震震中所决定的地块优势跨度为22.28°—25.74°.在全球范围内,特别是大陆地区普遍存在跨度20°—30°的多边形结构,其短轴跨度平均21.48°,长轴跨度平均25.54°.这种多边形结构称为特征构造域.每一特征构造域是一个相对独立的构造活动单元,它常常对应于一个巨型地块或巨型地貌单元,而特征构造域的边界则对应于重要的地质地貌分界线.通过求解地幔对流的守恒方程,得出了自组织对流胞具有六角形结构的结果,其短轴(对边之距)跨度为22.36°,长轴(对角之距)跨度为25.88°.所以有理由认为地壳活动块体的这一特征尺度(20°—30°)是上地幔自组织对流胞在地壳中的反映.