地面气象观测站自动检测系统研究

为了解决目前的计量检定标准设备和方法不适于地面气象观测站仪器,检测的自动化水平及工作效率低等矛盾,研究设计了地面气象观测站自动检测系统,特点是将地面气象观测站的温度、湿度、大气压力、风速风向和降水等传感器和地面气象观测站的数据采集器分开进行性能的自动检测.传感器自动检测系统采用多通道设计,可同时进行多个传感器的自动检测并自动输出检测结果.数据采集器自动检测系统可以对气象台站使用的各种不同的地面气象观测站数据采集器系统进行性能测试.文章所设计的地面气象观测站自动检测系统提高了地面自动观测仪器的检测效率,确保了各台站的地面气象自动观测仪器观测数据的准确可靠.     

雷电临近预警系统的运行试验

介绍了中国气象科学研究院研发的雷电临近预警系统(CAMSLNWS)在北京地区开展的业务运行试验.通过运行测试以及预警结果与闪电监测结果的对比评估,表明:CAMS.LNWS能够稳定运行,定时读取多种探测资料、自动生成并循环显示雷电发生概率、雷电活动区域移动趋势和重点区域雷电危险度等级三种雷电临近预警产品;CAMS.LNWS的雷电发生概率预警产品具有较高的命中率,能够较好地对0～30min内可能发生闪电的区域进行有效预警;随着预警时间的延长,CAMS.LNWS的预警效果会有所降低.     

Urban and rural observations of carboxylic acids in rainwater in Southwest of China: the impact of urbanization

Seven carboxylic acids in rainwater were simultaneously determined using ion chromatography for 13 months in two different sites, Guiyang and Shangzhong, southwest of China. Results showed formic, acetic and oxalic acids were the three predominant carboxylic acids. Their volume-weighted average concentrations were 14.24, 9.35, 2.79 μmol/L in Guiyang and 4.95, 1.35, 2.31 μmol/L in Shangzhong, respectively. A distinctive diurnal pattern in carboxylic acid concentrations (daytime>nighttime, t test, p < 0.05) was observed during the growing season in Guiyang. Shangzhong witnessed higher concentration of these acids during the growing season than that during the non-growing season. Direct emissions from growing vegetation or soils probably account for the main provenance of the acids in the rural area. However, the opposite trend were found in Guiyang and the anthropogenic sources during the non-growing season were the main reason. By comparison of our result with the previous data about 20 years ago, we calculated that at least 42% of acetic acids and 69% of formic acid originated from the anthropogenic sources in Guiyang. Furthermore, the ratio of formate/acetate in gas phase larger than 1 suggest the oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons from the human activity and/or natural sources were the main origin of carboxylic acids in Guiyang. While The F/A ratio in gas phase was less than 1 in Shangzhong which indicate the direct emissions from biogenic sources. Oxalic acid was in similar amounts in both sites, indicating the common source of the acid.     

兰州大尖山地震台阵勘址

介绍了兰州大尖山核试验监测地震台阵的勘址工作，包括本地区的地质背景、气象条件以及中心建筑（CRF）和各子台建筑的的工程地质情况。该台阵投入观测后表明：台阵所在地区的气象、地质条件等观测环境完全满足全面禁止核试验条约组织国际监测系统（CTBTO／MS）勘选台阵的要求。兰州大尖山地震台阵的建成，进一步提高了甘肃省兰州市及周边地区微震活动的监测能力。     

基于离散点绘制等高线算法的研究

等高线图在实际工作中应用非常广泛，在离散点数据的基础上自动生成等高线图有许多算法。本文着重讨论了如何在采集离散点时加入编码的基础上，尽量减少或不进行人工干预，基于有约束的TIN构建方法一次性生成等高线图。实践表明该方法能够明显加快成图速度与提高等高线成图的精度。     

深埋砂层取原状样技术研究

针对砂（土）样易扰动的特点，研制了ＨＹＳ－１型单动回转压入式取砂器，并从钻取，退样，试样制作的全过程各工序对取样质量进行控制，解决了南水北调和三峡工程中深埋砂层取原状样的技术难题。     

上海地区软土层开挖边坡稳定分析

本文通过几个在灰色软粘土层中开挖施工造成边坡失稳、产生滑坡的实例,对形成滑坡的因素、滑坡特征、滑动土体的稳定计算、滑坡体的善后勘探与处理等方面进行了初步分析探讨。对工程勘测、设计、施工具有一定参考价值。     

基于鲸鱼优化算法的长短期记忆模型水库洪水预报

洪涝灾害是世界主要自然灾害之一,优化洪水预报方案对防洪决策至关重要,然而传统水文模型存在参数多、调参受人为因素影响,泛化能力弱等问题。针对上述问题,本文提出基于改进的鲸鱼优化算法和长短期记忆网络构建自动优化参数的WOA-LSTM模型,通过优化神经网络结构进一步增强该模型的稳定性和精确度,并且建立不同预见期下的洪水预报模型来分析讨论神经网络结构与预报期之间的关系。以横锦水库流域1986—1997年洪水资料为例,其中以流域7个雨量站点的降雨以及横锦站水文资料为输入,不同预见期下洪水过程作为输出,以1986—1993年作为模型的率定期,1994—1997年作为模型的检验期,研究结果表明:(1)以峰现时差、确定性系数、径流深误差和洪峰流量误差作为评价指标,相比较于LSTM模型和新安江模型对检验期的模拟结果表明WOA-LSTM模型拥有更高的精度、预报结果更稳定;(2)结合置换特征值和SHAP法分析模型特征值重要性,增强了神经网络模型的可解释性;(3)通过改变神经网络结构在一定程度避免由于预见期增加和数据关联性下降而导致的模型预报精度下降的问题,最终实验表明该模型在预见期1~6 h下都可以满足横锦水库的洪水预报要求,可以为当地的防洪决策提供依据。     

Metamorphic,deformation, fluids and geological significance of low-temperature retrograde mylonites of Diancangshan metamorphic massif along Ailaoshan-Red River strike-slip fault zone,Yunnan, China

Diancangshan metamorphic massif is one of the four metamorphic massifs developed along the Ailaoshan-Red River strike-slip fault zone, Yunnan, China. It has experienced multi-stage metamorphism and deformation, especially since the late Oligocene it widely suffered high-temperature ductile shear deformation and exhumation of the metamorphic rocks from the deep crust to the shallow surface. Based on the previous research and geological field work, this paper presents a detailed study on deformation and metamorphism, and exhumation of deep metamorphic rocks within the Diancangshan metamorphic massif, especially focusing on the low-temperature overprinted retrogression metamorphism and deformation of mylonitic rocks. With the combinated experimental techniques of optical microscope, electron backscatter diffraction attachmented on field-emission scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence, our contribution reports the microstructure, lattice preferred orientations of the deformed minerals, and the changes of mineral composition phases of the superposition low-temperature retrograde mylonites. All these results indicate that: (1) Diancangshan deep metamorphic rock has experienced early high-temperature left-lateral shear deformation and late extension with rapid exhumation, the low-temperature retrogression metamorphism and deformation overprinted the high-temperature metamorphism, and the high-temperature microstructure and texture are in part or entirely altered by subsequent low-temperature shearing; (2) the superposition of low-temperature deformation-metamorphism occurs at the ductile-brittle transition; and (3) the fluid is quite active during the syn-tectonic shearing overprinted low-temperature deformation and metamorphism. The dynamic recrystallization and/or fractures to micro-fractures result in the strongly fine-grained of the main minerals, and present strain localization in micro-domians, such as micro-shear zones in the mylonites. It is often accompanied by the decrease of rock strength and finally influences the rheology of the whole rock during further deformation and exhumation of the Diancangshan massif.