Effective macroscopic transport parameters between parallel plates with constant concentration boundaries

A macroscopic transport model is developed, following the Taylor shear dispersion analysis procedure, for a 2D laminar shear flow between parallel plates possessing a constant specified concentration. This idealized geometry models flow with contaminant dissolution at pore-scale in a contaminant source zone and flow in a rock fracture with dissolving walls. We upscale a macroscopic transient transport model with effective transport coefficients of mean velocity, macroscopic dispersion, and first-order mass transfer rate. To validate the macroscopic model the mean concentration, covariance, and wall concentration gradient are compared to the results of numerical simulations of the advection–diffusion equation and the Graetz solution. Results indicate that in the presence of local-scale variations and constant concentration boundaries, the upscaled mean velocity and macrodispersion coefficient differ from those of the Taylor–Aris dispersion, and the mass transfer flux described by the first-order mass transfer model is larger than the diffusive mass flux from the constant wall. In addition, the upscaled first-order mass transfer coefficient in the macroscopic model depends only on the plate gap and diffusion coefficient. Therefore, the upscaled first-order mass transfer coefficient is independent of the mean velocity and travel distance, leading to a constant pore-scale Sherwood number of 12. By contrast, the effective Sherwood number determined by the diffusive mass flux is a function of the Peclet number for small Peclet number, and approaches a constant of 10.3 for large Peclet number.     

Rock Mass Deformation Characteristics in High-Steep Slopes Influenced by Open-Pit to Underground Mining

In Daye Iron Mine, the open-pit mining has ended and the underground mining started in 2003. The present pit slopes are as high as 430 m and the slope angle is up to 43°. During the process of open-pit to underground mining, the high-steep pit slopes would be affected by both open-pit mining and underground mining, and its deformation characteristics would become more complex. So in this paper, the trinity method of numerical simulation, model experiment and field test was adopted to analyze the displacement and stress fields systematically. The results show that: (1) Prominent rebound deformation occurs near the slope foot, which is induced by the unloading in open-pit mining. When it is backfilled to 0 m level, the rebound deformation decreases, which indicate that backfilling mass can restrict the deformation and improve the slope stability; (2) Subsidence dominates the slope deformation in open-pit to underground mining and it increases with an increasing elevation of monitoring point; the maximum horizontal displacement occurs in the lower part of the slopes, because the backfilled part is squeezed by both the north slope and the south slope, and it has a lower elastic modulus than the previous orebody; (3) The stress and its variability near the slope foot are much larger than other places, indicating that the slope foot is most affected by stress redistribution and stress concentration may occur here; the stress at other stress monitoring points changes little, indicating that the influence of open-pit to underground mining is local; (4) The effect of underground mining on the deformation of the faults is not prominent; (5) Mining operations in near-ground part affect more on the variation of deformation and stress of pit slopes than that in deeper part.     

Subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forests of Yunnan, China: diversity, succession dynamics, human influence

This paper integrates studies on the natural subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLFs) and secondary succession of the forests and plantations in Yunnan, to provide a basis for evaluating the sustainability of the forests in the mountain ecosystems of Yunnan, China. The EBLFs include mid-montane moist, monsoon, and semi-humid categories. The monsoon EBLF yielded the highest indices of the Shannon-Wiener H, Equitability J, Simpson D and Fisher’s alpha, followed by the mid-montane moist EBLF, then by the semi-humid forest. Since human uses have varied widely, the plant communities ranged from pioneer deciduous broad-leaved and/or pioneer coniferous stands to late-successional evergreen broad-leaved stands. The secondary succession pathways were from pioneer deciduous stands of Alnus accompanied by stands of pioneer coniferous Pinus and Keteleeria, through broad-leaved and coniferous mixed stands, to late-successional evergreen broad-leaved forests of Cyclobalanopsis and Castanopsis. In Yunnan, the EBLF is commonly replaced by plantations of exotic fast-growing Eucalyptus to produce industrial wood, oil, pulp and fuel. The result has been reduced plant diversity, and great loss of soil nutrients by erosion and runoff, as compared to the EBLF. Seventy-six plant species in the area have been ranked as critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable. Their condition is seen as largely attributable to habitat loss or degradation. A clear understanding of ecological features and succession pathways of the EBLF can lead to more effective conservation and management of these fragile forests and the mountain ecosystems.     

Quantifying time lag of epikarst-spring hydrograph response to rainfall using correlation and spectral analyses

Understanding spring-flow characteristics in karst areas is very important for efficient utilization of water resources. The time lag of a spring-hydrograph response to rainfall is related to karst hydrogeological properties such as thickness, porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The length of the time lag can be determined based on results of the time-series analysis. However, some approaches, with different identifying indicators, give different lengths of the time lag. In this study, the flow-discharge series of two hillslope springs located in a karst area of southwest China were used to compute lengths of the time lag. The thickness and porosity of the epikarst-zone fractures on the two hillslopes were estimated based on a ground-penetrating radar investigation and field measurement. Based on comparison of lengths of the time lag computed by auto- and cross-correlation analyses, the identifying indicators of the time lag were classified into three types for measuring short, intermediate and long-term responses of the spring hydrograph to rainfall. The study also reveals that the time lag of spring-hydrograph response to rainfall in the thick epikarst zone is much longer than that in the thin epikarst zone.     

气候变化和人类活动对永定河流域径流变化影响定量研究

以永定河流域为研究对象,在对永定河流域1957-2010年降水、实际蒸发和气温实测资料进行趋势分析的基础上,建立SWAT模型,验证了还原径流的必要性,对气候变化和人类活动对永定河流域径流的影响进行了定量研究。结果表明：20世纪60、70年代为永定河流域的丰水期,80年代至今为枯水期。永定河流域80年代后的实测径流资料受气候变化和人类活动影响显著,需进行径流还原后才能保证径流资料的一致性。气候变化是80年代后期径流减少的主要原因,其贡献量约占总减少量的65.4%,人类活动的贡献量占34.6%,也是不容忽视的因素。     

东海内陆架泥质区台风沉积辨识的指标与方法研究

台风是当今人类社会面临的全球性重大环境灾害问题之一,但由于台风器测年限较短,限制了对台风长期演化机制的研究。沉积记录成为拓展台风记录时间跨度的重要载体,其中台风沉积的有效辨识是重要基础。尽管许多研究试图基于各种指标和方法来重建长时间尺度的台风活动,但目前仍缺少对台风沉积辨识指标与方法有效性的评估。本文以高分辨率的东海内陆架泥质区ZM02孔为载体,采用放射性同位素²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs定年法确定沉积物的年代序列。耦合器测记录和沉积记录,分析器测时期台风强度和频率与台风沉积敏感指标（如砂含量和D₉₀）之间的对应关系,以期探讨台风沉积辨识指标和方法的有效性。结果显示,ZM02孔的平均沉积速率为0.97 cm/a,其上部4.5～100 cm的沉积年代为1917−2011年。砂含量和D₉₀均可作为东海内陆架泥质区台风沉积辨识的有效指标,阈值法的识别效果最好且稳定性高。砂含量可能是反映浙江海岸台风强度变化的潜在指标,而D₉₀则可能蕴含台风频率信息。这些认识有助于更准确地利用沉积记录去拓展台风记录的时间跨度,也有助于提高从沉积记录解译环境信息的能力。     

蒲江—新津—成都—德阳断裂带——成都平原内一条代表性弱活动地震带的地震地质特征

活断层是地震的潜在策源地。然而不同的活断层上地震潜在能力有极大的差别。客观地评价活断层上地震潜在能力不仅是地震预报研究的需要,对国民经济建设的布局和抗震决策也极为重要。在这个意义上,对弱活动性断裂的研究与对强活动性断裂的研究具有同样的重要性。本文以弱活动的蒲江—新津—成都—德阳断裂带为例,讨论了该断裂的晚第四纪活动性,断裂带的地质结构以及断裂的切割深度等因素对该断裂带地震潜在能力的可能影响。     

脑囊虫病的CT诊断－附300例分析

作者报告了３００例脑囊虫。对脑囊虫病的ＣＴ表现进行了讨论。作者认为；（１）平扫为多发小囊状低密度灶，如囊壁上有高密度点。（２）较大囊状低密度灶，囊壁上有高密度点。（３）平扫为多发局灶性低密度区，增强出现多发结节及环形强化灶。为诊断脑囊虫病有价值的征象。本文还对脑囊虫病的病理及鉴别诊断进行了讨论。