草地改良对陆地生态系统养分的影响--以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例

Both land use/land cover change (LUCC) and the effects of nutrients cycles on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity are key environmental problems in the 21st century (Yang etal., 2002; Li, 1996; Bai and Bai, 1998). Land cover change is the accumulated result of land use, which includes three types, i.e., deterioration, transition and amelioration of land cover (Cai, 2001). The nutrient cycle is the main functional process to maintain stability and production of an ecosystem. Land cover …     

可可西里地区湖泊资源调查研究

1989—1990年,国家可可西里综合考察填补了青藏高原腹地最后一块空白区。通过24个专业学科历时两年的奋战,取得了大量珍贵的第一性科学资料,基本查清了可可西里地区湖泊资源及其展布规律,湖泊度达0.047—0.053;并发现了本区特有的湖泊奇特景观。为可可西里地区自然环境演变过程中湖泊时空位置的揭示,湖泊的保护利用、开发管理以及国土整治等提供了科学依据。     

阿克苏河流域气候变化对潜在蒸散量影响评价(英文)

Evapotranspiration is one of the key components of hydrological processes. Assessing the impact of climate factors on evapotranspiration is helpful in understanding the impact of climate change on hydrological processes. In this paper, based on the daily meteorological data from 1960 to 2007 within and around the Aksu River Basin, reference evapotranspiration (RET) was estimated with the FAO Penman-Monteith method. The temporal and spatial variations of RET were analyzed by using ARCGIS and Mann-Kendall method. Multiple Regression Analysis was employed to attribute the effects of the variations of air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, vapour pressure and wind speed on RET. The results showed that average annual RET in the eastern plain area of the Aksu River Basin was about 1100 mm, which was nearly twice as much as that in the western mountainous area. The trend of annual RET had significant spatial variability. Annual RET was reduced significantly in the southeastern oasis area and southwestern plain area and increased slightly in the mountain areas. The amplitude of the change of RET reached the highest in summer, contributing most of the annual change of RET. Except in some high elevation areas where relative humidity predominated the change of the RET, the variations of wind velocity predominated the changes of RET almost throughout the basin. Taking Kuqa and Ulugqat stations as an example, the variations of wind velocity accounted for more than 50% of the changes of RET.     

Farmers＇ vulnerability to flood risk： A case study in the Poyang Lake Region

This paper quantitatively explores farmers＇ vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region （PLR） with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps, which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly, the spatial extent and characteristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model （DEM） derived from the 1：50,000 topographic map. Secondly, for each of the township, six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are： rural population proportion, cultivated land proportion, GDP per unit area, employment proportion of primary industry, net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly, the normalized indices （as GIS data layers） were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coefficient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers＇ livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the ＂five rivers＂.     

淮河流域水文随机方法的径流图化(英文)

Theoretical difficulties for mapping and for estimating river regime characteristics in a large-scale basin remain because of the nature of the variable under study: river flows are related to a specific area, i.e. the drainage basin, and are hierarchically organized in space through the river network with upstream-downstream dependencies. Another limitation is there are not enough gauge stations in developing countries. This presentation aims at de-veloping the hydro-stochastic approach for producing choropleth maps of average annual runoff and computing mean discharge along the main river network for a large-scale basin. The approach applied to mean annual runoff is based on geostatistical interpolation proce-dures coupled with water balance and data uncertainty analyses. It is proved by an applica-tion in the upstream at Bengbu in the Huaihe River Basin, a typical large-scale basin in China. Hydro-stochasitic approach in a first step interpolates to a regular grid net and in a second step the grid values are integrated along rivers. The interpolation scheme includes a con-straint to be able to account for the lateral water balance along the rivers. Grid runoff map with 10 km × 10 km resolution and the discharge map along the river with the 1 km basic length unit are the main results in this study. This kind of statistic approach can be widely used be-cause it avoids the complexity of hydrological models and does not depend on the meteoro-logical data.     

Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system (GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t?km^-2?a^-1, the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t?km^-2?a^-1, and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57 (medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t?km^-2?a^-1 increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg?a^-1 to 459 kg?a^-1 under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.     

高空西北气流下铜仁东部特大暴雨的预报分析及思考

利用贵州省预报业务常规、地面自动站加密观测资料、NCEP/FNL1°×1°再分析资料、业务数值预报模式,分析2020年6月29日铜仁市东部高空西北气流影响下的特大暴雨环境场特征,地面中小尺度场特征以及3家数值预报模式检验,初步分析产生此次特大暴雨的可能成因是在副高东南退,东北冷涡槽后高空西北气流维持,低层冷平流下传西输,地面辐合维持增强为涡旋,地面东路弱冷空气侵入,能量锋区斜压性增强;短临监测发现雷达回波有列车效应,低层辐合高层辐散的共轭配置,中层气旋式辐合;初步得出了西北气流影响下弱天气尺度环境场的铜仁市东部暴雨的预报着眼点。     

5G网络下运用虚拟仿真实验教学培养地理核心素养——以“土壤”为例

5G网络的推行为高中地理教育提供了更加多样的内容和形式。本文通过以网络为依托的"庐山人工针叶林生态系统调查与保护虚拟仿真"实验,结合常规课堂教学,实现"以虚补实""虚实结合"的教学目标,有助于提高课堂教学效率,培养地理学科核心素养。     

木本植被覆盖岸坡上波浪爬升过程的数值模拟研究

近岸木本植物构成的生态缓冲带作为新型的海岸软防护结构,兼具功能性和生态友好性,在沿海工程建设中愈发受到关注,如何深入开展其防护效果的机理研究是目前亟待解决的问题。本文采用数值模拟方法,在N-S方程中分别考虑树枝和树干的拖曳力影响,提出了木本植被作用下波浪沿斜坡爬升的表面波衰减的连续介质等效模型,并采用MAC法来跟踪自由曲面上的水颗粒轨迹。本文以波浪沿1/30的斜坡爬升为算例,对比讨论了有无植被作用下波浪的传播过程,并将算例结果与以往试验结果规律进行对照,验证了数值模型的有效性。最后,分别讨论了植物枝干的高度、密度、树枝倾斜角度等植被特性和波浪因素对植被消浪效果的影响,得到植被消浪的基本规律。文中的计算结果也可为实际的护岸工程和生态景观设计提供参考。     

100块南极格罗夫山陨石的化学-岩石类型

本文报道100块南极格罗夫山陨石的岩矿特征,以及它们的化学群和岩石类型。分类结果共发现4块特殊类型陨石,包括1块CM2型碳质球粒陨石(GRV050179),1块钙长辉长无球粒陨石(GRV051523),1块橄辉无球粒陨石(GRV 052382)和1块中铁陨石(GRV 050212)。GRV050179大部分球粒直径小于300μm,基质/球粒体积百分比为6∶1,且具有强烈的水蚀变特征,形成大量层状硅酸盐和PCP(Poor Characterized Phases)集合体。GRV 052382的橄榄石具有还原边,内部重结晶。橄榄石和辉石之间的富碳填隙物含有金刚石。GRV 050212的金属含量为12.3 vol%,其中的低钙辉石FeO/MnO质量百分比为30.0,而GRV 051523中辉石的FeO/MnO质量百分比为28.7-30.9,两者均与HED(Howardites-Eucrites-Diogenites)族陨石一致。普通球粒陨石有93块,其中5块属于非平衡型普通球粒陨石。依据橄榄石Fa的相对标准偏差(PMD)可以进一步划分这些非平衡型普通球粒陨石的亚型[1],其结果为:GRV 050165和GRV053167为3.5型,GRV050189、GRV050200和GRV050404为3.4型。88块平衡型普通球粒陨石包括低铁群(L)54块,高铁群(H)34块,与南极横贯山脉的陨石相比,L群所占比例明显偏高,且缺失LL群。另有3块小样品主要由金属和少量硅酸盐组成,其铁纹石的钴含量和橄榄石的Fa值分别落在H和L群范围。虽然这3块样品的金属含量类似铁陨石,但实际上很可能是普通球粒陨石中脱落的较大的金属团块。93块普通球粒陨石中有22块样品很新鲜(W1),金属和硫化物几乎很少遭受氧化,61块样品的金属和硫化物遭受明显氧化(W2),仅10块样品的金属和硫化物被强烈氧化(W3)。