40年的跨越-中国航天遥感蓬勃发展中的“三大战役”

20世纪70年代末到80年代,中国多家单位大联合、大团结、大协作,开展了腾冲航空遥感试验、天津-渤海湾环境遥感试验和二滩水能开发遥感试验三项遥感科学试验,通过多学科交叉融合,提升了中国对遥感技术应用的认识,培养出一大批遥感科学技术人才和专家,取得了丰硕的科技成果和显著的社会经济效益。这3项试验成功地将遥感综合应用系统性地引入中国,标志着中国多领域遥感应用的起步,被称为中国遥感的"三大战役"。经过40年快速发展、积累酝酿、大胆创新、快速迭代,中国航天遥感应用迈过了几个重要阶段,正向战略性新兴产业方向发展。为顺应科技、经济、社会以及全球化发展战略的需求,中国适时实施了高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项、国家民用空间基础设施中长期发展规划和2030中国综合地球观测系统,进一步推进中国航天遥感应用从追赶国外先进技术到强化自主创新的转变,进入规模化、产业化和商业化发展阶段,可谓之为新"三大战役"。结合中国"一带一路"战略的大背景,通过新三大战役的实施,必将深化"走出去"战略,拓展全球服务能力,提升国际竞争力,向新的历史发展高度迈进。     

主要极地国家的极地科技体制探究——以美国、俄罗斯和澳大利亚为例

引领一国极地科学考察与研究的极地科技体制,已引起世界各国的广泛关注与重视。极地科技体制是指极地科学技术研究与管理的机构设置、职责范围、权属关系和管理方式的结构体系和组织架构,科学合理完善的极地科技体制是促进极地事业发展的前提和基础。文中重点研究分析了美国、俄罗斯和澳大利亚三个具有代表性极地国家的极地科技体制,并对上述三国的极地科技体制进行了概括总结,最后着眼于我国极地科技体制的现状,从学术和理论层面探讨了我国极地科技体制未来的改革方向,期待我国极地事业在"十三五"时期能够搭乘全面深化改革的便车实现跨越式发展,逐步形成适合我国国情并且相对完善的极地科技体制。     

1996年8月5日—1997年5月15日Hale—Bopp彗星的照相观测

在1996年8月5日——1997年5月15日对Hale-Bopp彗星进行了照相观测,多次观测到Hale-Bopp彗星彗核的小规模分裂,喷流,壳层结构及彗发的膨胀现象。     

地幔粘度结构的研究

地幔的流变性质已成为认识地球内部结构及动力学过程的核心问题之一。本文总结了近年来地幔粘度结构研究的方法,其中包括利用地球物理观测资料进行反演计算和实验室试验研究,重点讨论了利用冰期后回跳,板块运动速度和大地水准面异常资料反演地幔粘度结构２的方法和结果以及地幔矿物的实验结果,并对不同方法进行了比较总结。最后简单讨论了地幔粘度结构研究存在的问题和未来的研究方向。     

Modern hot spring geochemistry at the Tanlu fault and Jiaoliao block in eastern China

The δD, δ¹⁸O values of the hot springs are always more negative than those of the local cold springs. The main cause for the ocrurrence is physically isotope fractionation during the deep circulating process of the groundwater. The relational expression between the δD, δ¹⁸O values and the maximum circulating depths of the groundwaters is given. The gases escaped from the geothermal fluid are mostly crust-derived gases in the studied area. The compressive structure of the Tanlu fault could extend to the deep crust, and basically stop the ascent of deep-seated gases towards the surface. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49373165)     

华北板块东缘晚古生代火山活动及其大地构造含义

在华北板块东缘,从皖北,鲁西到冀中,辽东,分布着一条长达千余ｋｍ的晚古生代北北东向火山活动带,已发现的火山岩主要为正常火山碎屑岩和沉积火山碎屑岩,岩石化学分析表明为钙碱系列中（酸）性火山岩,在华北晚古生代煤系中记录了这种强烈的火山活动,包含有丰富的火山碎屑以及由火山灰堆积蚀变而成的煤矸层（ｔｏｎｓｔｅｉｎ）。作者认为,在晚古生代,华北板块东缘可能存在一火山弧链,即华北板块东缘为一主支大陆边缘。     

Structure and physical properties of the garth＇s interior

The studies on the structure and physical properties of the Earth‘s interior done by Chinese geophysicists from 1999 to 2002 were reviewed in this paper. It includes several research areas: the structure of the Earth‘s interiors using seismic tomography, anisotropy of the upper mantle in China and its adjacent areas, quality factor Qβ for S waves, subduction zone, mantle discontinuities, physical properties of Earth‘s materials and others. The review concerns mainly the contents, the methods and the results of the studies. It can be seen that new progress in the study on the structure and physical properties of the Earth‘s interior has been made in the last 4 years in China. It is shown on three aspects: advancement made on some preexistent areas; pioneering on some new fields and new methods adopted.     

Coupling between different layers of the lithosphere under horizontal drag underneath

Based on a layered Theological model of the lithosphere, the velocity and stress distributions in the lithosphere under horizontal drag underneath were calculated using viscoelastic finite element method of plain strain with finite deformation. In the simulation, different conditions of drag and blocking were assumed to study their influences on the stress distribution and the coupling between different layers. Blocking depth has little influence on the stress level in the whole area and the coupling between different layers, but influences the stress state in the area around the blocking. The area covered by the high stress anomaly becomes larger when the blocking depth becomes deeper, but the magnitude of the value of the maximum shear stress decreases. The greater the viscosity differences between different layers of the lithosphere, the greater the possibility of decoupling between them. Under the drag of normal mantle convection (the convection velocity is about 20 cm · a^?1), a lithosphere with a Theological structure similar to that of North China could not have decoupling between different layers, while could have stress distribution with magnitude of several MPa to tens of MPa and could have anomalous areas with stress accumulation if the geological structure is complicated.     

昆仑山口西8.1级大震前后重力场动态变化

2001年11月14日17时26分,在新疆、青海交界处的昆仑山(36.2°N,90.9°E)发生8.1级地震.震后又相继发生5次5级以上的强烈余震.其主震和余震基本上都在东昆仑断裂带的两侧或断裂带上.这次地震虽然没有人员伤亡的报道,但研究大震前后震中周围地区局部重力场动态变化情况,研究大地震与局部重力场动态变化之间的相关性,对捕捉地震前兆减轻未来地震的灾害,却具有极高的科学研究价值.     

海湾区海水中的溶存甲烷 Ⅱ.浓度、海气交换通量

本文基于日本东京湾、伊势湾和浜名湖的调查资料，详细地比较了这3个海湾海水中的溶存甲烷浓度、饱和度。表层海水中，溶存甲烷浓度以供名湖最高，达95nmol／dm3，伊势湾和东京湾相近，分别为41nmol／dm3和37nmol／dm3；其表层测定浓度是其平衡浓度的13～78倍，并分别计算了这3个海湾中甲烷的海气交换通量；用平均值外推法得出全球海洋环境中总的甲烷海气交换通量为6．3Tg／a。