Black carbon aerosols and their radiative properties in the Pearl River Delta region

The climatic and environmental effects of atmospheric aerosols are a hot topic in global science community, and radiative properties of the aerosols are one of the important parameters in assessing climatic change. Here we studied the black carbon concentration and absorption coefficient measured with aethalometers, scattering coefficient measured with nephelometers, and single scattering albedo derived at an atmospheric composition watch station in Guangzhou from 2004 to 2007. Our main results are as follows. The data of black carbon concentration and absorption coefficients measured with instruments cannot be directly used until they are measured in parallel with internationally accepted instruments for comparison, calibration, and reduction. After evaluation of the data, the result shows that the monthly mean of BC concentration varies 3.1–14.8 μg·m⁻³ and the concentration decreases by about 1 μg·m⁻³ in average over the four years; It is higher in the dry season with a multi-year mean of 8.9 μg/m³ and lower in the rainy season with a multi-year mean of 8.0 μg·m⁻³; The extreme maximum of monthly mean concentration occurred in December 2004 and extreme minimum in July 2007, and a 4-year mean is 8.4 μg·m⁻³. It is also shown that monthly mean scattering coefficient derived varies 129 −565 Mm⁻¹, monthly mean absorption coefficient 32–139 Mm⁻¹, and monthly mean single scattering albedo 0.71–0.91, with annual mean values of 0.80, 0.82, 0.79 and 0.84 for 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. Three instruments were used to take simultaneous measurements of BC in PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ and the results showed that PM_2.5 took up about 90% of PM₁₀ and PM₁ accounted for about 68% of PM_2.5, and BC aerosols are mainly present in fine particulates. The variability of BC concentrations is quite consistent between the Nancun station (141 m above sea level) and the Panyu station (13 m above sea level), which are 8 km apart from each other. The concentration in higher altitude station (Panyu) is consistently lower than the lower altitude station (Nancun), and the difference of annual mean is about 4 μg·m⁻³. Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U0733004, 40375002, 40418008, 40775011), National High Technology R & D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA06A306 and 2006AA06A308) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422207)     

高云和气溶胶辐射效应对边界层的影响

通过WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式嵌套包含了高云和气溶胶辐射效应的大气边界层模式, 结合激光雷达资料, 进行数值模拟, 定量分析高云和气溶胶辐射效应对城市边界层的影响。模式能很好地模拟出在高云和气溶胶辐射效应下城市边界层的特征。夜间, 气溶胶在低层起到保温作用, 高云使得保温作用得到加强, 地表增温达1.5 K。中高层, 气溶胶降低所在气层温度, 高云使得降温幅度减少, 降温达0.2～0.7 K。白天, 高云和气溶胶减少到达地面的太阳短波辐射, 导致低层温度降低, 地表降温达1.3 K。中高层, 气溶胶加热所在的气层, 高云使得这一增温幅度减少, 在500 m处增温最大, 达0.85 K。无论白天还是夜间, 气溶胶的辐射效应都会抵消一部分形成山谷风的热力条件, 使得中低层的风速减少, 这种影响在白天显得尤为明显。高云的存在使得这种抵消得到少量的补偿。     

到达地面的太阳柴油外车辆射强度的观测 到达地面的太阳紫外辐射强度的观测

紫外辐射强度的公众服务一般用紫外线指数来表示，是衡量某地正午前后到达地面的太阳紫外辐射对人体皮肤（或眼睛）可能损害的程度指标，它主要依赖于纬度、季节、平流层臭氧、云况、海拔高度、地面反照率和大气污染状态等条件。紫外线辐射强度的观测主要使用紫外光谱辐射计与滤光片式的紫外辐射表。     

广东省新丰江流域4—5月暖云的微物理特征

本文对新丰江流域初夏暧云的含水量与小云滴谱特征进行了分析。指出暖积云的含水量比暖性层积云大;广东初夏暧性层积云的含水量大于北方降水性As—Ns云系。被探测云的主要降水机制均为碰并增长过程,但浓积云中云滴碰并增长条件比层积云优越;与湖南等地积云相比,广东积云更具有海洋性积云的特征。      

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征吴兑，陈位超（广州热带海洋气象研究所，广州，５１００８０）近年来，我们曾在粤、桂、琼三省华南广大地区采集并分析了大气气溶胶分级样品，从气溶胶参与雨水酸化过程，吸湿性气溶胶作为凝结核的作用，以及海岸地带吸湿性粒...     

南海季风建立前后珠江三角洲的陆气热量交换与热力边界层结构特征

根据动力与热力指标,2004和2005年南海季风建立前后可分成明显的4个阶段--季风建立前的雨期、非雨期;季风建立后的活跃期与非活跃期.对2004和2005年南海季风建立前后的广州番禺综合外场观测资料进行分析,得到了这4个阶段陆气热量交换与热力边界层的主要特征净辐射与净短波辐射的变化趋势基本一致,净短波辐射与净长波辐射之比为3.49-4.81,净短波辐射是净辐射的主要贡献项,云量与降水是控制净短波辐射与净辐射的直接因素;季风活跃期间午间对流云系对太阳辐射衰减显著,造成了辐射各分量以及热通量的峰值区变窄,量值急剧变小;季风建立前后感热与潜热均是净辐射的主要消耗项,占净辐射的90%以上,潜热明显大于感热,2005年较2004年潜热的分配额有明显的增加,其原因可能与近地层的风速较大,总是维持向上的湿度梯度有关;季风建立前后除季风活跃期外边界层位温结构均具有明显的日变化特征,午间混合层可发展至1070 m,而季风活跃期间午间混合层发展受到对流云释放潜热的抑制,导致季风活跃期混合层消失的现象,分析还发现季风建立前后各阶段夜间残余混合层均不明显.分析表明引起陆气能量过程及边界层热力结构差异的关键因素之一是云系与降水,加强边界层过程与降水宏微观过程相互作用的研究是深入认识陆气过程与边界层结构特征的关键.     

南海北部气溶胶光学厚度观测研究

利用2004年南海北部开放航次全程使用多波段太阳光度计观测获得的气溶胶光学厚度资料,对南海北部气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的时空分布特征、气溶胶类型和来源等进行了分析。结果显示,近岸海域AOD值大,基本在0．5（500nm）以上,远离大陆的区域AOD值小,基本在0．2（500nm）以下。AOD值与污染源区丁业生产水平和气流输送密切相关,受珠三角地区丁业高度发展和冷空气南下的影响,在珠江口南部出现AOD高值中心;由于受台湾西南部工业区和东北信风的影响,台湾岛西南部海域AOD值偏大。3天的个例分析显示,海洋上空的AOD值上午和下午略高,中午最小,AOD与大气水汽含量呈正相关。Angstrom波长指数分析显示,大陆沿海海域气溶胶以小粒子为主,远离大陆海域以海盐粒子为主。     

COMPARISON OF SOME LIMITS FOR STABILITY CLASSIFICATION

1 INTRODUCTION Used in a number of models for pollution dissipation as the only factor to define the state of atmospheric turbulence or describe the capability of atmospheric diffusion, atmospheric stability is one of the essential parameters in the study on the atmospheric boundary layer. Whether the stability is correctly categorized immediately affects the computations of diffusion models with plumes of various types. Much work has been done at home and abroad on the classification of s…     

华南准静止锋暖区内降水的物理化学特征

介绍了一次华南准静止暖区内降水的物理化学特征的综合观测分析结果。主要有：①暖区内积云降水雨滴浓度不高，但滴径较大，谱型以多峰谱为主；②雨水ｐＨ值较低，平均４．４３，离子成分中ＮＯ３，Ｃｌ，ＳＯ４，ＮＨ＾＋４，Ｎａ＾＋的浓度较高；③本次降水清除了气溶胶总质量的４５％，对Ｃｌ，Ｆ，ＮＯ３的清除率较高；④由于气溶胶中阴离子被雨水清除的效率较高（主要是ＮＯ３）而阳离子的清除率低，致使雨水ｐＨ值下降，这可能