Petrological model of the northern Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc crust: constraints from high-pressure measurements of elastic wave velocities of the Tanzawa plutonic rocks, central Japan

Ultrasonic compressional wave velocities (Vp) and shear wave velocities (Vs) were measured with varying pressure up to 1.0 GPa in a temperature range from 25 to 400 °C for a suite of tonalitic–gabbroic rocks of the Miocene Tanzawa plutonic complex, central Japan, which has been interpreted as uplifted and exposed deep crust of the northern Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) arc. The Vp values of the tonalitic–gabbroic rocks increase rapidly at low pressures from 0.1 to 0.4 GPa, and then become nearly constant at higher pressures above 0.4 GPa. The Vp values at 1.0 GPa and 25 °C are 6.3–6.6 km/s for tonalites (56.4–71.1 wt.% SiO₂), 6.8 km/s for a quartz gabbro (53.8 wt.% SiO₂), and 7.1–7.3 km/s for a hornblende gabbro (43.2–47.7 wt.% SiO₂). Combining the present data with the P wave velocity profile of the northern IBM arc, we infer that 6-km-thick tonalitic crust exists at mid-crustal depth (6.1–6.3 km/s Vp) overlying 2-km-thick hornblende gabbroic crust (6.8 km/s Vp). Our model shows large differences in acoustic impedance between the tonalite and hornblende gabbro layers, being consistent with the strong reflector observed at 12-km-depth in the IBM arc. The measured Vp of Tanzawa hornblende-bearing gabbroic rocks (7.1–7.3 km/s) is significantly lower than that Vp modeled for the lowermost crustal layer of the northern IBM arc (7.3–7.7 km/s at 15–22 km depth). We propose that the IBM arc consists of a thick tonalitic middle crust and a mafic lower crust.     

1995年1月17日日本兵库县南部7.2级地震的特征

叙述了１９９５年１月１７日发生在日本兵库县南部７．２级地震的主震和余震分布、发震断层、震前的空区现象、震源机制解及区域应力场等特征，并对该次地震的发生与周围地体应力环境的关系等问题进行了探讨。     

青藏高原草甸下垫面湍流强度相似性关系分析

利用“全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验(GAME／Tibet)”1998年加强期(IOP)的观测资料，分析研究了青藏高原草甸下垫面上的无量纲风速、温度及湿度方差相似性，并与HEIFE戈壁沙漠和绿洲及海洋下垫面作了比较，得到了一些有关青藏高原草甸下垫面上动力及热力学参数的有益的结论。     

Geochemical constraints on the origin of bimodal magmatism at the Okinawa Trough, an incipient back-arc basin

The magmatism at the axial zone of the middle Okinawa Trough, a young continental back-arc basin, comprises a bimodal basaltic–rhyolitic suite, accompanied by minor intermediate rocks. We report major and trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic data for the intermediate to silicic suites, to provide constraints on their petrogenesis. The rhyolites, recovered as lava and pumice, fall into three geochemical groups (type 1, 2, and 3 rhyolites). Type 1 rhyolites have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7040–0.7042) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.5128–0.5129) identical to those of associated basalts, and are characterized by highly fractionated REE patterns. Petrogenesis of type 1 rhyolites is explicable in terms of fractional crystallization of the associated basalt. In contrast, type 2 rhyolites and andesite have slightly higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7044–0.7047) but similar ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.5128) compared to those of the basalts. The compositions of type 2 rhyolite and andesite can be explained by assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes of the basalt magma; quantitative analysis suggests assimilation/fractional crystallization (M_a/M_c) ratios of ≤0.05. Hybrid andesite generated by mixing of evolved basalt and type 1 rhyolite is also present. We emphasize that mechanical extension in this part of the Okinawa Trough involves gabbroic lower crust that resulted from fractionation of mantle-derived basaltic magmas. Type 3 rhyolite occurs only as pumice, which makes its derivation questionable. This rhyolite has major and trace element compositions and Sr–Nd isotopic ratios, which suggests that it may be derived from volcanic activity on the southern Ryukyu volcanic front, and arrived in the Okinawa Trough by drifting on the Kuroshio Current.     

藏北高原地表能量和边界层结构的数值模拟

利用耦合了NCAR LSM陆面过程的中尺度模式MM5V3.7和2002年8月CAMP/Tibet加强期的观测资料,对藏北高原地区地气交换过程进行了48 h模拟研究。模式较好地模拟了该地区的山谷风环流;并将模拟的地表通量在中尺度区域上与NCEP/NCAR全球大气再分析格点资料(NNRP)获得的结果进行了比较,同时也与单站的实测值进行了比较,结果显示:模拟的地表通量与NNRP得到的结果比较吻合,同时可以得到雨季时藏北、藏东地区潜热通量大于感热通量,而高原西部感热通量大于潜热通量,这与观测试验分析结果一致;与单站试验结果比较,模拟的感热通量与实测值一致,潜热通量的模拟值和实测值有一定差别。模拟的边界层位温廓线与实测值比较,模式模拟的对流混合层和夜间残留层都与实测结果吻合,但模拟的混合层高度较实测值高。由此来看,中尺度模式MM5V3.7能够较好地模拟藏北高原的地表能量和边界层结构特征,但还需要进一步完善陆面过程和物理过程参数化方案。