不均匀植被分布对地表面和大气边界层影响的数值试验

研究陆地与大气间相互作用的方法之一是建立联系地表面层与大气间各种过程的数值模式进行模拟。本文是建立一个陆面过程与二维大气边界层相耦合的模式,耦合模式中包含了发生在大气边界层、植被冠层和土壤表层各种动力、热力和水文过程。运用这一模式模拟了荒漠环境中一片绿洲的不均匀地表面形成的局地气候。由于绿洲植被与周围荒漠有着显著不同的水份与能量平衡关系,使绿洲表面与边界层较四周荒漠冷而湿,并形成了相应的局地环流,即所谓“绿洲效应”。试验结果表明,模拟的气候状况与观测现象是一致的。模式可以用于陆气相互作用的研究。     

用TRMM资料研究江淮、华南降水的微波特性

热带测雨卫星TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 于1997年11月发射成功, 其首次携带了空载雷达, 有关资料已在网上对公众发布。利用热带测雨卫星上的微波成像仪TMI (TRMM Microw ave Imager) 资料以及其和测雨雷达TRMM/PR (Precipitation Radar) 资料联合反演的地面瞬时降水产品, 采用散射指数 (Is) 法从理论上探讨了我国江淮、华南降水尤其是暴雨的微波特性, 其中I_s表达式通过江淮、华南晴空TMI资料统计回归得到。以联合反演的地面瞬时降水产品为真值, 用面积相当法对14个降水个例求I_s降水阈值, 研究了阈值和降水面积以及85.5 GHz垂直通道最低亮温的关系, 并寻求了I_s和降水的相关特征。研究表明:I_s降水阈值随降水面积的增大或85.5 GHz垂直通道最低亮温的降低有增高的趋势; I_s与强对流性降水瞬时雨强对应很好, I_s≥60 K是一个好的暴雨指标。最后进行了初步的雨强反演试验研究, 由于TMI资料分辨率的提高以及时空配合较好的真值, 反演的地面瞬时降水与真值相关效果大大提高。     

2009年汛期山西横切变暴雨的可预报性分析

利用常规和非常规气象观测资料,针对2009年汛期山西境内出现的5次横切变区域性暴雨天气过程进行流型配置、物理量诊断、卫星雷达资料以及可预报性综合分析发现：对流性或混合性暴雨,在暴雨发生前12 h 500 hPa及其以下都具有θse随高度的增加而减小、500 hPa以上都具有θse随高度的增加而增加的特征,稳定性暴雨则具有θse随高度的增加而增加的特征.5次暴雨过程500 hPa副高均为纬向型,700 hPa均有西南急流轴配合以及大陆小高压相伴.分析结果表明：小高压的位置不同导致了不同风向的辐合和不同走向的横切变线产生,急流头向北伸展的纬度不同导致了横切变线所处的纬度差异,直接影响暴雨的落区;低涡的强度不同使得降水量发生明显的差异;高低空系统配置越完整暴雨落区和量级的可预报性也越强;连阴雨过程中垂直速度、水汽通量散度、垂直风切变是提前24 h判断暴雨发生与否的敏感因子,卫星和雷达资料是短时和临近强降水预报的有效工具.     

Impacts of topography and land degradation on the sea breeze over eastern Spain

Summary A three-dimensional non-hydrostatic atmospheric model RAMS, version3b, is used to examine the impact of complex topography on the sea breeze under heterogeneous and degradation land use characteristics. In the study, it is shown that topography plays an important role in the sea-breeze circulation by aligning the sea breeze front to the coastline and locating the convergence zones close to the mountain range. When the sea breeze is coupled with the upslope wind, the sea-breeze circulation is strengthened by the topography.Sensitivity analyses are carried out to determine the influence of vegetation and soil moisture, i.e., land surface modifications, to this thermally driven flow. Land degradation results in an enhanced sea-breeze circulation which is characterized by a stronger onshore flow, a stronger return current, a larger updraft velocity associated with the sea-breeze front and further inland penetration. Other important features are a deeper sea-breeze depth, a larger downdraft velocity behind the sea-breeze front, and a longer offshore extent. The results also show how land changes modify the sea breeze temporal evolution resulting in an earlier onset and later end. The study stresses the convenience of using three-dimensional models with detailed land surface information to model the sea breeze in complex terrain where land use is rapidly modified.Received February 25, 2002; accepted October 7, 2002 Published online April 10, 2003     

北京城区近地面比湿和风场时空分布特征

利用2008—2012年北京城区平均5 km的高密度自动气象站逐时观测数据,分析了北京城区近地面比湿、风向和风速的时空精细分布特征,初步探究了城市下垫面对局地气象要素的影响机制。研究表明:夏季白天北京城区为干岛,冬季城区表现为弱湿岛特征。受城市效应的影响,北京城区与郊区比湿日变化有明显差异。近地面10 m风受到地形、城市和季节性盛行风的共同影响。当气流经过城区时有明显的绕流现象。夏季05:00—10:00 (北京时,下同),受山风、弱的夏季偏南风和城市热岛共同作用,气流向城市中心辐合。冬季15:00—19:00,受季节盛行风偏北气流和谷风偏南气流的共同作用,在城区形成一条西北—东南走向的辐合线。对风速研究发现:城市粗糙下垫面使北京城区风速减小,二环路和三环路之间存在一条“n”状的风速小值带。由此可见,除已开展较多研究的城市热岛效应外,北京城市效应对近地面湿度和风场亦有显著影响。     

Impact of urbanization on boundary layer structure in Beijing

The Beijing meteorological tower is located in an area of Beijing, China, which has developed from a suburban to an inner city setting over the past 30 years. The impacts of this urbanization process on both the vertical profile and diurnal cycles of air temperature are investigated using hourly data collected from a series of monitoring levels (up to 325 m high) on the Beijing meteorological tower since 1984. We find that the inter-decadal temperature has increased gradually, and that a more significant increase occurred during the 1980s and 1990s due to the effects of urbanization. A well-defined change in temperature stratification was also observed over this period. The height of the temperature inversion layer decreased from the 1980s to the 2000s. A well-defined nighttime temperature inversion developed below 50 m during the summer in the 1980s, but this near-surface inversion is not seen in data from the 1990s and 2000s. This change can be related to an increase in turbulent mixing caused by urban roughness and surface heat storage that disturbs the near-surface temperature inversion layer. In addition, the diurnal change in temperature in the city in summer shows a maximum increase from sunrise to the early afternoon, which is mainly caused by the nature variability and global warming in both the summer and winter. The urbanization mainly contributes to the temperature increase in the afternoon and nighttime. Moreover the urbanization dominates the increase in daily mean near-surface temperature.     

Spring Arctic Oscillation-East Asian summer monsoon connection through circulation changes over the western North Pacific

In the present study the links between spring Arctic Oscillation (AO) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was investigated with focus on the importance of the North Pacific atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST). To reduce the statistical uncertainty, we analyzed high-pass filtered data with the inter-annual time scales, and excluded the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation signals in the climate fields using a linear fitting method. The significant relationship between spring AO and EASM are supported by the changes of multi-monsoon components, including monsoon indices, precipitation, and three-dimensional atmospheric circulations. Following a stronger positive spring AO, an anomalous cyclonic circulation at 850?hPa appears in southeastern Asia and the western North Pacific in summer, with the easterly anomalies spanning from the Pacific to Asian continent along 25°N?C30°N and the westerly anomalies south of 15°N. At the same time, the summer western North Pacific subtropical high becomes weaker. Consistently, the positive precipitation anomalies are developed over a broad region south of 30°N stretching from southern China to the western Pacific and the negative precipitation anomalies appear in the lower valley of the Yangtze River and southern Japan. The anomalous cyclone in the western North Pacific persisting from spring to summer plays a key role in modulating EASM and monsoon precipitation by a positive air-sea feedback mechanism. During spring the AO-associated atmospheric circulation change produces warmer SSTs between 150°E?C180° near the equator. The anomalous sensible and latent heating, in turn, intensifies the cyclone through a Gill-type response of the atmosphere. Through this positive feedback, the tropical atmosphere and SST patterns sustain their strength from spring to summer, that consequently modifies the monsoon trough and the western North Pacific subtropical high and eventually the EASM precipitation. Moreover, the SST response to AO-circulation is supported by the numerical simulations of an ocean model, and the anomalous atmospheric circulation over the western North Pacific is also reproduced by the dedicated numerical simulations using the coupled atmosphere?Cocean model. The observation evidence and numerical simulations suggest the spring AO can impact the EASM via triggering tropical air-sea feedback over the western North Pacific.     

太原市一次空气重污染过程的成因分析

本文利用常规地面观测资料、探空资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2007年1月1日。4日发生在太原市的一次空气重污染过程,从大气层结、天气形势、气象要素以及物理量场等方面进行了分析。发现：此次重污染过程发生在高空平直西风稳定的环流背景下,大气层结主要特征表现为连续数天的近地层逆温,逆温层厚度平均为349m,逆温强度平均为1．03℃／100m,重污染日的形成是在稳定的大气环流背景下,逐日污染累积形成的。     

荒漠绿洲边界层结构的数值模拟

陆-气相互作用和中小尺度天气系统的研究中,水平不均匀边界层和水平不均匀地表的强迫作用都是重要的物理过程.本文用已建立的陆面过程与大气边界层耦合模式(BLCM),较详细地研究了草地周围为荒漠(半沙漠)的地表植被不均匀而造成的边界层结构特征和局地环流及其昼夜变化.通过边界层顶影响自由大气不同尺度的运动.模式结果揭示出最强的上升和下沉运动是发生在荒漠-草地间动力和热力不连续的界面附近,且呈现出不对称性.