海南西岛珊瑚群落变化及其影响因素 *

在2018年的海南三亚西岛珊瑚群落分布和水质环境因子调查中, 共记录到造礁石珊瑚68种, 多孔螅2种。基于珊瑚礁底质类型的非度量多维标度分析, 可将西岛站位划分为区域1(东-南侧)和区域2(西侧)。全岛活珊瑚覆盖率为13.6%, 区域1和区域2分别为4.2%和27.7%, 区域2珊瑚多样性高于区域1。区域1珊瑚礁处在显著退化状态, 而区域2相对健康, 但是优势种类单一。与历史资料对比分析, 东侧站位造礁石珊瑚覆盖率从2011年的近40%降至2018年不足4%, 退化显著, 而西侧站位珊瑚礁无明显退化; 丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis)逐渐取代分枝状的鹿角珊瑚成为绝对优势种类; 珊瑚礁区浊度、溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN)和喇叭藻的δ¹⁵N均值分别为2.54NTU、9.63μmol·L^-1和5.09‰, 均处在较高水平。相关性分析表明, 环境因子的空间变化并不能解释珊瑚群落的空间分布。因此, 推测人类活动引起的极端扰动事件可能是导致西岛珊瑚群落空间分布和东侧站位珊瑚近几年显著退化的主要原因, 如三亚河清淤在三亚湾随意倾倒引起的浑浊事件。应加强对三亚湾清淤和西岛人类活动的管控, 减轻颗粒物沉积和营养盐富集的影响, 促进西岛珊瑚礁逐渐恢复。     

Global poverty dynamics and resilience building for sustainable poverty reduction

There is less than a decade left to accomplish the goal of ending global poverty by 2030. This paper investigates global poverty dynamics and finds a shift in the world's poverty gravity center from South Asia to Africa in the period 1990–2015. Sub-Saharan Africa has become the main battlefield for poverty reduction in the world. Global poverty reduction has been accompanied by political instability and local conflicts, economic marginalization, rural decline, and natural hazards as well as climate change which are jointly impacting the least developed areas and making the world's poverty reduction vulnerable to external shocks. The "STAR" scheme, including maintaining political stability, promoting targeted poverty alleviation, implementing regular assessments of poverty reduction initiatives, and revitalizing rural and poverty-stricken areas, is proposed with specific measures to enhance the resilience capacity of poverty alleviation in the world.     

乡村振兴与可持续发展——国际典型案例剖析及其启示

基于对国际典型案例剖析,系统阐释了土地整治、特色产业发展、社会资本培育在协调乡村人地关系,提升内生动力,构建乡村新型主体,实现乡村地域“人-地-业”耦合发展中的重要作用。实施土地整治适应了乡村人地关系变化,有利于提高土地资源利用效率,优化乡村生产、生活、生态空间,为乡村转型发展提供载体。依托优势资源,发展特色产业是提升乡村内生动力的重要抓手,有利于激活乡村人口、土地、产业等要素活力。而民众主观能动性、新型经营主体的构建是增强乡村内生动力的关键因素。乡村社会良好的价值观、信任、责任及其社会网络的培育与构建有助于提高乡村主体凝聚力与协作力,提高乡村地区发展质量,提升物质资本及人力资本的产出效益。     

小秦岭金矿田中的两种罕见矿物—碲铅铋矿和自然碲

碲铅铋矿和自然碲产于河南省小秦岭含金石英脉矿床中。碲铅铋矿化学成分平均值(%)为:Te44.06,Bi40.24,Pb14.23,并含有微量的Ag、Au、Hg、Fe、Ni、Cu等元素。理论化学式为(Bi,Pb)_3Te_4,其中Bi>Pb。共生矿物有自然金、碲金矿、破银矿、碲铅矿、碲金银矿、碲铋矿;方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿等。 自然碲反射色为纯白微带乳色,非均质性清楚,偏光色为蓝灰-棕灰色。显微硬度为H_v=85.1kg/mm~2(25g)。共生矿物有碲金银矿、碲银矿、黄铜矿等。化学成分中碲含量达98.44％,并含Ag、Cu、W、Fe、Pt等微量元素。     

地表覆盖成果质量的模糊综合评价模型与方法

本文针对地理国情监测地表覆盖成果质量合理评价问题,应用多因素模糊综合评价理论与方法,设计了一套基于模糊综合评价法的地理国情监测地表覆盖成果质量评价模型与方法,并选取我国北方27个县级测区的地理国情监测地表覆盖成果质量检查数据进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,相比最小值法、加权平均法等常规质量评价方法,基于模糊综合评价法的成果质量评价结果更为客观、合理,可为自然资源统一调查监测中的地表覆盖成果等新型测绘地理信息成果质量评价提供技术参考。     

云南个旧锡铜多金属矿区云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄及其地质意义

云南个旧是全球最大的锡铜多金属矿区,主要成矿作用是与燕山期花岗岩密切相关的岩浆-热液体系。矿区内铜矿的主要矿床类型为变玄武岩型层状铜矿和接触带型铜矿。赋存于花岗岩体的凹陷部位,接触带型铜矿体和氧化型矿体的精确年龄尚未有报道。以老厂矿田内与铜矿体同期的等粒花岗岩脉中的黑云母和与氧化矿同时形成的白云母作为研究对象,利用常规~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素定年方法,获得了黑云母和白云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar坪年龄分别为82.47±0.49Ma和76.17±0.42Ma,相应的正等时线年龄为82.38±0.48Ma和76.07±0.66Ma,反等时线年龄为82.38±0.49Ma和76.07±0.73Ma。结合野外地质接触关系和矿区内其他年代学结果认为,黑云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄82.38±0.48Ma可以代表接触带型铜矿体的形成年龄,也揭示了新山花岗岩体形成后的快速冷却作用过程;白云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄76.07±0.73Ma指示了氧化型矿体的形成年龄,也记录了矿区内与甲介山同期的南北向断裂的晚期活动时限。该年龄与个旧锡铜多金属矿床的成矿时代一致。     

入世对我国工程咨询业的影响及对策

文章介绍了入世对我国各行业发展的重要意义，并从对我国咨询业的影响及我们的对策两方面进行了详细论述。     

Land consolidation engineering and modern agriculture: A case study from soil particles to agricultural systems

Land consolidation engineering is one of the very important ways to improve the quality of farmland and the level of agricultural productivity. Studies of land consolidation and crop cultivation still mainly focus on single land functional optimization or crop breeding and yields. However, whether the improved crop varieties were sown on healthy and fertile soils is still a question. This paper introduces new ideas and engineering measures for sandy land rehabilitation and modern agricultural development in the Mu Us Sandy Land, Shaanxi Province, Western China. The important roles of particles and aggregates in soil reconstruction were confirmed following three innovative microscopic theories, including micro-structure, micro-morphology and micro-mechanism. New soil was constructed based on the physical complementarity of sandy, clay and loess particles in the Yulin area, northern Shaanxi Province. Field experiments were carried out to study the appropriate mixture ratio of different soils and their suitability for different crops. The improved crop varieties were sown on healthy and fertile soils, which were chosen by coupling according to its soil ecological suitability and crop physiological adaptability. The fertility improvement practices in the new constructed soils with different crops integrated water and fertilizer management measures, which were also provided in the experiment. Overall, an integrated land optimization configuration with improved and optimized crop variety selection was suggested for engineering sandy land-oriented consolidation from the soil particles to the agricultural system.     

人文与经济地理学的传承与创新：青年学者的行动

2018年是中国改革开放40周年,也是“科学的春天”40周年。随着中国进入特色社会主义新时代,人文与经济地理学也将迈入新时代。青年学者恰好处在承前启后的这一时期,围绕学科传承和创新发展需要,面向新时代国家和经济社会发展的现实需求,青年学者积极行动起来,努力学习和传承人文与经济地理学前辈所建立的学科体系,并力图继续开拓和创新。一是助力建设学科文化,打造具有学科认同感和归属感的学术共同体。二是在向西方学习的同时,加强中国特色的自主理论建构与创新。三是向相关学科方向学习,加强交叉与综合的数据和方法创新,建设科学化、多元化的研究方法体系。四是青年学者更需要踏实认真的态度,找准个人研究领域方向,求真务实并力图创造新的知识,不断提升研究深度。人文与经济地理学的学科梦必将在一代代青年学者的接力奋斗中变为现实。