空间尺度上推方法的精度评价——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土地利用数据为例

不同的空间尺度上推方法会导致不同程度的信息丢失、信息歪曲等后果;但目前少有研究在较长的尺度序列上、对不同尺度上推方法所得成果开展精度分析。本研究首先提出尺度上推方法精度评价的三个准则,即:保持土地类型构成特征、保持土地面积精度、保持土地空间分布格局和斑块形态;继而使用格点中心值、最大面积斑块、最大聚合面积斑块等3种尺度上推方法,配合100 m～50 km土地利用数据开展尺度转化实验;最后基于上述评价准则和尺度上推实验所得的系列输出结果,分析了不同尺度上推方法的精度。研究表明:(1)格点中心值上推方法能更好地保留区域土地类型构成、土地面积精度等特征;(2)锡林郭勒盟地区土地研究的适宜尺度应小于10 km,最大不应超过30 km;(3)在尺度上推过程中,土地斑块的平均面积、形态以及空间分布格局对尺度上推成果精度有着重要影响。     

华南震旦系陡山沱组磷质震积岩及其与多细胞生物群相关性初探

埃迪卡拉纪（震旦纪）陡山沱期是Rodinia超大陆裂离的重要地质时期,是多细胞生物起源和发展的重要转折时期和磷质聚集时期,也是化学、气候和环境变化的剧烈时期。液化岩脉、液化角砾岩、脉化变形构造、以及阶梯状层内断层等磷质震积岩的发现,表明扬子地区在陡山沱期晚期至少发生过两次以上的地震事件。地震构造运动将地球内部积累能量快速地释放,可能是磷质来源和热水活动一种重要的方式或通道。海水中磷等无机营养盐分的增加,海水温度的升高,有利于多细胞生物的起源和发展,同时多细胞生物的繁盛又有利于磷的聚集。     

Coalbed Methane Enrichment Regularity and Major Control Factors in the Xishanyao Formation in the Western Part of the Southern Junggar Basin

There are abundant coal and coalbed methane(CBM)resources in the Xishanyao Formation in the western region of the southern Junggar Basin,and the prospects for CBM exploration and development are promising.To promote the exploration and development of the CBM resources of the Xishanyao Formation in this area,we studied previous coalfield survey data and CBM geological exploration data.Then,we analyzed the relationships between the gas content and methane concentration vs.coal seam thickness,burial depth,coal reservoir physical characteristics,hydrogeological conditions,and roof and floor lithology.In addition,we briefly discuss the main factors influencing CBM accumulation.First,we found that the coal strata of the Xishanyao Formation in the study area are relatively simple in structure,and the coal seam has a large thickness and burial depth,as well as moderately good roof and floor conditions.The hydrogeological conditions and coal reservoir physical characteristics are also conducive to the enrichment and a high yield of CBM.We believe that the preservation of CBM resources in the study area is mainly controlled by the structure,burial depth,and hydrogeological conditions.Furthermore,on the basis of the above results,the coal seam of the Xishanyao Formation in the synclinal shaft and buried at depths of 700-1000 m should be the first considered for development.     

荒漠草原不同植被盖度区面积对降水的响应

降水波动是气候变化的主要指标之一,其在半干旱荒漠草原区植被变化中起着主要的驱动作用。在考虑到年降水量与生长期降水量的前提下,本文通过地面植被盖度反射光谱模型构建和基于3S技术的区域植被盖度分布格局反演,分析了荒漠草原不同植被盖度分布面积对降水的响应。结果表明:在荒漠草原区,不同植被盖度的区域面积和年降水量、生长期降水量呈波动变化。年降水量和生长期降水量与不同植被盖度区域面积可以拟合成线性、幂函数、指数和对数函数曲线关系。植被盖度小于10%的区域面积随着降水量的增加而下降,植被盖度大于10%区域面积随着降水量的增加而增加,盖度10%是低盖度与高盖度间相互转化阈值。当植被盖度为<2%、2%～6%、10%～15%、15%～20%、20%～25%时,拟合的曲线关系能较好地表达不同植被盖度区域面积随降水量变化的趋势(p< 0.01)。荒漠草原不同植被盖度区域面积的波动变化主要与多根葱、阿尔泰狗娃花、松叶猪尾菜和小画眉草等草本植物生长响应降水变化密切相关。     

Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology of Granite from the Xiazhuang Uranium Ore Field, South China: Implications for Exhumation History and Ore Preservation

Xiazhuang uranium ore field, located in the southern part of the Nanling Metallogenic Belt, is considered one of the largest granite-related U regions in South China. In this paper, we contribute new apatite fission track data and thermal history modeling to constrain the exhumation history and evaluate preservation potential of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field. Nine Triassic outcrop granite samples collected from different locations of Xiazhuang Uranium ore field yield AFT ages ranging from 43 to 24 Ma with similar mean confined fission track lengths ranging from 11.8 ± 2.0 to 12.9 ± 1.9 μm and Dpar values between 1.01 and 1.51 μm. The robustness time-temperature reconstructions of samples from the hanging wall of Huangpi fault show that the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field experienced a time of monotonous and slow cooling starting from middle Paleocene to middle Miocene (~60–10 Ma), followed by relatively rapid exhumation in the late Miocene (~10–5 Ma) and nearly thermal stability in the Pliocene–Quaternary (~5–0 Ma). The amount of exhumation after U mineralization since the Middle Paleogene was estimated as ~4.3 ± 1.8 km according to the integrated thermal history model. Previous studies indicate that the ore-forming ages of U deposits in the Xiazhuang ore field are mainly before Middle Paleocene and the mineralization depths are more than 4.4 ± 1.2 km. Therefore, the exhumation history since middle Paleocene plays important roles in the preservation of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.     

南极搜救体系现状与影响及我国的对策研究

伴随各类南极活动的增多, 如何尽可能地减少和避免遇险、遇难事件并更好地进行搜救成为南极活 动各国重点关注的问题之一。在国际海事组织(IMO)和国际民航组织(ICAO)所划分搜救区域的基础上, 南极 地区形成了以距离南极最近的5 个国家为主导的南极搜救体系。各国的搜救职责依4 个国际公约确立。承 担搜救责任的5 个国家基于本国的搜救体系, 开展国际合作, 在南极搜救方面发挥了重要的作用和贡献。在 现有南极条约体系框架下, 南极搜救活动难免会对相关国家在南极的实质性存在、极地安全等问题产生一 定的影响。我国作为参与南极活动的主要国家之一, 在南极有着重要的利益诉求, 有必要通过完善相关的硬 件设施、提升搜救软实力等途径来提高我国的南极搜救活动参与度, 强化我国在南极的实质性存在与影响, 增强对南极事务的话语权。     

Geochemical mass balances of major chemical constituents in the watershed of the Changhuajian River in China

Based on the geological background, R-mode factor statistics, and the analysis of the stability diagram for the corresponding system, five weathering reactions controlling the surface-water chemical composition in the watershed of the Changhuajiang River are deduced. In the mass balance model, the precipitation accounts for some solute input, since the rainwater is dilute without pollution. Most of the Ca²⁺ and HCO ₃ ^– ions are from the dissolution of calcite, K⁺, Na⁺, H₄SiO₄ and some of the Mg²⁺ and HCO ₃ ^– come from albite and biotite weathering to kaolinite. The dissolution of dolomite and gypsum controls the mass balances of Mg²⁺ and SO ₄ ^2– . The dissolution of calcite is the dominant chemical weathering reaction in the watershed because of its reactivity and high concentration. In the watershed in 1986, the chemical weathering rate was 0.073 (kg/m² a), and the mechanical denudation rate is 0.093 (kg/m² a). The chemical weathering mass output proportion of carbonate rocks to silicate rocks was about three to one.     

化学还原-稳定化联合修复铬污染场地土壤的效果研究

六价铬是国际公认的47种最危险废物之一,研究铬污染土壤的修复效果对污染场地风险管控具有重要的现实意义。本文以济南市某典型铬污染场地土壤作为研究对象,提出了"化学还原+固化稳定"的修复治理思路,针对修复剂类型、投加比、反应时间、还原效率、修复成本和环境效应等因素,确定了该修复工艺的最佳条件,并对污染土壤的修复效果进行评价。结果表明土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳修复条件为:以氯化亚铁作为化学还原剂,其投加比为5倍的理论投料比,还原时间为2天;以钙镁磷肥作为稳定剂,其投加比为10%(换算成钙镁磷肥与总铬的质量比为72∶1)。采用以上条件修复铬污染土壤,总铬的生物可利用系数由0.4398降低至0.0017,修复后的土壤Cr(Ⅵ)含量介于0.315～0.501mg/kg,Cr(Ⅵ)被还原率大于99.5%。该结果可为土壤修复和决策提供依据。     

气溶胶光学厚度对蓝藻水华信息提取的影响

通过探讨气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)对蓝藻水华信息提取的影响程度和消除方法,为蓝藻水华的动态监测提供可靠依据.首先,利用MODIS数据产品(MOD 02,MOD 04和MOD 09),基于单波段和比值植被指数2种方法分别提取了2006年太湖蓝藻水华的空间分布信息,探讨了AOT对信息提取阈值选择的影响方式和影响程度.研究结果表明:在固定阈值情况下,采用上述2种方法提取的蓝藻水华信息面积差异与AOT的相关性高于自选阈值情况下的相关性;在单波段法和比值植被指数法中,大气校正前所设定的阈值与AOT的相关性都高于大气校正后再选择阈值的相关性.这反映出AOT对蓝藻水华信息提取的影响是不容忽视的,即便不能完全消除,也要选择适当的方法尽量降低其影响程度.     

探地雷达数据可视化方法

采用文件映射降低大数据量探地雷达(GPR)数据显示对计算机内存的需求,同时使GPR数据可以当作一维数组进行数据处理,方便对数据的随机、实时访问;应用直接写位图、视区分割的成图方案,实现对GPR数据的实时显示;通过位图调色板实现GPR数据调色板,灵活应用该技术可使本来需要对原始数据进行大量运算的算法通过调整调色板实现,提高了GPR数据处理的速度。