Is the long-term variation of the estimated GPS differential code biases associated with ionospheric variability?

The global positioning system (GPS) differential code biases (DCB) provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS) show solar-cycle-like variation during 2002–2013. This study is to examine whether this variation of the GPS DCBs is associated with ionospheric variability. The GPS observations from low earth orbit (LEO) satellites including CHAMP, GRACE and Jason-1 are used to address this issue. The GPS DCBs estimated from the LEO-based observations at different orbit altitudes show a similar tendency as the IGS DCBs. However, this solar-cycle-like dependency is eliminated when the DCBs of 13 continuously operating GPS satellites are constrained to zero-mean. Our results thus revealed that ionospheric variation is not responsible for the long-term variation of the GPS DCBs. Instead, it is attributed to the GPS satellite replacement with different satellite types and the zero-mean condition imposed on all satellite DCBs.     

夜间灯光遥感对城市发展类动能与相似性评估

评估城市发展水平与制定城市规划和城市发展政策息息相关.已有研究表明人口、国内生产总值(GDP)等统计数据和夜间灯光遥感数据能够用来衡量城市发展水平,但大多研究只关注城市发展总量,忽视了发展速度对城市发展的影响.因此,本文基于2012年—2019年Suomi NPP-VIIRS(Suomi National Polar-...     

北京市平原区2015年—2019年0.8 m地表反射率数据集

地表反射率产品作为最重要的定量遥感产品,是很多参量化遥感产品的基础数据源,可以被广泛应用于林业、农业、水资源、生态环境、城市环境等典型应用领域。对于米级高分辨率的遥感影像,国内外不提供反射率影像产品。目前主流的国产高分数据源大部分都是蓝、绿、红、近红4个波段的多光谱数据,缺少短波红外波段,难以满足陆地区域浓密植被算法或者清洁水体的短波红外信号近似看作零的假设条件,要完成精确大气校正、生产大范围的GF-2影像拼接的地表反射率产品,是一个挑战。为了更好的推广高分地表反射率的应用,本研究针对北京市平原区,运用全色和多光谱融合、几何精校正和相对辐射一致化算法,以Sentinel-2为参考影像,生成了一套几何精校正后的0.8 m地表反射率影像集。该数据集时间范围为2015年—2019年,每年一期,包含年度产品的覆盖情况及分布矢量,共计184景地表反射率影像,数据量总共为1.63 TB。     

稳健估计方法提高数据处理精度

介绍了近代平差理论的稳健估计方法,编制稳健估计方法的程序,并通过实例验证,与最小二乘估计进行比较,表明稳健估计在水准网粗差探测和平差计算中优于最小二乘估计方法,并且能够定位粗差,从而进行消除或者减弱,得到较为干净的观测值。因此,稳健估计方法应用于测量平差具有一定的抵抗粗差的能力,从而可以提高数据处理的精度。     

不分比例尺数字化地形图管理技术和方法的研究

不分比例尺数字化地形图管理的宗旨是方便、快捷、高效地存储和管理数字地形图。通过分析大比例尺数字地形图存储更新管理现状,对不分比例尺数字化地形图管理的依据、原理、处理流程、技术方案等进行论述,并结合研究实例阐述不分比例尺数字化地形图管理技术和方法的有效性。     

华南震旦系陡山沱组磷质震积岩及其与多细胞生物群相关性初探

埃迪卡拉纪（震旦纪）陡山沱期是Rodinia超大陆裂离的重要地质时期,是多细胞生物起源和发展的重要转折时期和磷质聚集时期,也是化学、气候和环境变化的剧烈时期。液化岩脉、液化角砾岩、脉化变形构造、以及阶梯状层内断层等磷质震积岩的发现,表明扬子地区在陡山沱期晚期至少发生过两次以上的地震事件。地震构造运动将地球内部积累能量快速地释放,可能是磷质来源和热水活动一种重要的方式或通道。海水中磷等无机营养盐分的增加,海水温度的升高,有利于多细胞生物的起源和发展,同时多细胞生物的繁盛又有利于磷的聚集。     

Experimental evidence for eukaryotic fossil preservation: Onion skin cells in silica solution

Research on the origin of eukaryotes often focuses on the exceptional preservation found in silicified Precambrian fossils. Nuclei like subcellular structures in well-preserved fossil becomes confusion and arguments, which focus on whether the partial degradation of prokaryotes produces artifacts that resemble a ‘nucleus’, or fossilized nuclei of eukaryotes. In order to understand the mechanisms of silicification and identify the fossilized subcellular and microstructures in rocks, a series of laboratory controlled experiments were performed for simulating the silicification process. The effects of different silica solutions in eukaryote fossilization were studied in our experiments by exposing onion skin cells (epidermis) to silica solutions. Onion skin provides a good experimental model because of its well characterized cellular structures which are easily observed. The designed experiments revealed that the possibility of onion cell preserved as a “fossil” with nuclear structures, the first week fossilization, or mineralization as rapid as 1 week is important. And the experiment also revealed interactions between silica and the onion skin cell wall surface functional groups were weak. The preservation of nuclei in the onion skin model was due to precipitation in highly supersaturated silica solutions rather than simply the high silica concentration. When the silica gel precipitates slowly at low supersaturation states, the nuclei were not well preserved, but the rapid precipitation at high supersaturated silica conditions preserved nuclear structures. A better understanding of the processes involved in onion skin fossilization will further contribute to issues concerning the silicification of other eukaryotic materials.     

X射线衍射和电子探针技术在矿物药雄黄鉴定及质量评价中的应用

雄黄是我国常用的矿物类中药,由于晶体空间结构不同,可分为α雄黄(AsS)和β雄黄(As4S4)。雄黄受氧化作用会产生剧毒物质砒霜(As2O3),其中β雄黄因空间结构关系更易被氧化,因此对矿物药雄黄的成分鉴定和质量评价具有重要的意义。常用的分析雄黄中砷及其他元素的方法(原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、高效液相色谱-质谱法等)是通过测定总砷、价态砷和其他相关元素实现对雄黄的鉴别和有害成分的检测,分析过程复杂,试剂消耗大,需对样品进行破坏,而且不能直接对矿物结构进行判定。本文采用薄片鉴定、X射线衍射和电子探针对来自代表性生产地贵州思南和湖南石门的6种药用雄黄样品进行鉴别和质量评价。首先通过薄片鉴定初步确定雄黄样品的主要成分及伴生矿物,进一步利用X射线粉晶衍射和电子探针技术对雄黄的主要成分、伴生矿物进行半定量分析,再利用电子探针研究雄黄中As、S、O等元素的赋存状态,在这些技术综合鉴定的基础上,对收集的雄黄进行质量评价。分析结果显示:产自贵州思南的1号矿药由石英(82.8%)、方解石(9.5%)和白云石(7.7%)组成,2号矿药由α雄黄(64.7%)和石英(35.3%)组成;产自湖南石门的6号矿药由β雄黄(86.5%)和电气石(13.5%)组成,3号和4号矿药由α雄黄单矿物组成,5号矿药由β雄黄单矿物组成,3号、4号和5号三个样品中As含量大于70%,符合药典规定;电子探针分析样品中均未检测到砒霜,总体上表明湖南产的雄黄品质较高。研究表明,X射线粉晶衍射法利用了衍射图谱与晶体结构的一一对应性,找到不同矿物药样品的专属特性,而对于多组分矿物药样品,只要混合组分恒定,其衍射图谱就相对稳定,具有指纹特征;电子探针利用As、O等元素的赋存状态,可以有效地对雄黄的质量进行评价。X射线衍射和电子探针技术的结合用于鉴定雄黄矿物药是一种极为有效、可行的办法,与传统方法相比更为快速、经济。     

新疆巴楚中—晚奥陶世牙形刺生物地层和沉积环境研究

塔里木盆地中央隆起区的中—上奥陶统灰岩相地层露头分布在巴楚良里塔格地区的一间房—唐王城。以牙形刺动物群为依据厘定3个组的时代,从下至上为一间房组(Periodus flabellum层、Pygodus serra层,属达瑞威尔阶)、吐木休克组(Pygodus anserinus层、Baltoniodus alobatus带,属桑比阶)和良里塔格组(含B.confluens动物群层,属凯迪阶下部)。一间房组的开始标志了新一期的海进,此组下段发育1期藻丘,中段发育1期藻丘、1期瓶筐石礁丘和3—4期瓶筐石—棘屑滩,上段代表了海水加深至浪基面之下的过程;吐木休克组沉积过程中达到了海进最大值,为凝缩沉积;良里塔格组代表了逐渐海退的过程,由浅滩和3期藻丘建造组成。