Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Precursory Anomalies of the Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake and Their Mechanical Analysis

In order to study the spatiotemporal evolution of the precursory anomalies 10 years before the Wenchuan M_S8. 0 earthquake in 2008, the epicentral distance of the precursory anomalies is calculated by using the geometric center of the rupture region and the elliptical centerline of the aftershock region. The result shows, precursor anomalies gradually increased about 2 years before the Wenchuan earthquake. The ratio of abnormal items is greater than 25% in the near source area (about twice the source scale) and 17%-24% in the remote area (about 3-5 times the source scale). There are three different stages of spatiotemporal evolution of precursory anomalies. During the α stage (including α_1 and α_2,between 700 to 3000 days before the main earthquake),the anomalies are mainly distributed in the southwest and northwest area of the Wenchuan aftershocks area. It is shown that the precursors of the far source region and the near source area have the characteristics of outward expansion. During the β stage (between 300 to 700 days before the main earthquake), the anomalies are distributed in the southwest and northern region of the aftershock region, showing a large range of anomalies. During the γ stage (including γ_1 and γ_2, 300 days before the main earthquake),the range of anomaly distribution is wide,and the anomalies are distributed in the southwest and northeast of the aftershock area. The anomalies converged to epicenter (γ_1) in the far source region and expand outwards (γ_2) in the near source region. Results of the experimental study and mechanical analysis of earthquake preparation process indicate that the three-stage characteristics of precursory anomalies in the process of earthquake preparation may be controlled by the seismogenic body,which is a form of expression in the process of earthquake preparation and a universal featureduring the earthquake preparation process,which has a certain guiding role in earthquake prediction.     

Investigation of the Macroscopic Anomalies before and after the M8. 0 Wenchuan Earthquake

The macroscopic anomalies before and after the May 12,2008 Wenchuan M8. 0 earthquake were collected and analyzed in this paper. The credible anomalies occurring from February 1 to June 10,2008 were treated as macroscopic anomalies,and their space-time distribution was studied. The research indicates that in time distribution, the number of macroscopic anomalies peaked before the earthquake, and these peak values appeared twice after the earthquake. In space distribution, the distribution of macroscopic anomalies before the earthquake was the same as that after the earthquake. In this paper, the mechanism of occurrence of macroscopic anomalies and the role of macroscopic anomalies in forecasting earthquake were also discussed.     

汶川8.0级大地震前后宏观异常现象分析

2008年5月12日我国四川省汶川县发生了8.0级大地震.我们对各省、自治区、直辖市地震局每日上报到中国地震分析预报网的宏观异常进行了较为全面的时空统计分析.通过统计可知,震前,2008年2月初至2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震发生前,距汶川1500km的范围内发现宏观异常现象有20起,其中,生物异常9起,地下流体异常11起.     

Anthropogenic hillslope terraces and swidden agriculture in Jiuzhaigou National Park, northern Sichuan, China

Small, irregular terraces on hillslopes, or terracettes, are common landscape features throughout west central China. Despite their prevalence, there is limited understanding of the nature of these topographic features, the processes that form them, and the role humans played in their formation. We used an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the geology, ecology, and cultural history of terracette development within Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China. Terracettes occur on south facing, 20° slopes at 2500 m elevation, which appears to coincide with places people historically preferred to build villages. Ethnographic interviews suggest that traditional swidden agricultural cycles removed tree roots, causing the loess sediments to lose cohesion, slump, and the terrace risers to retreat uphill over time. This evidence is supported by landslide debris at terracette faces. Archaeological analysis of terracette sites reveal remains of rammed spread soil structures, bones, stone tools, and ceramics dating from at least 2200 years before present within a distinct paleosol layer. Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating of terracette sediments ranged in age from between 1500 and 2000 ¹⁴C yr BP and between 16 and 0.30 ka, respectively. These multiple lines of evidence indicate a long history of human habitation within Jiuzhaigou National Park and, taken together, suggest strong links between terracette formation and human-landuse interactions.     

多波束海底地形图的制作方法探讨

提出了采用高斯距离函数加权平均算法,对离散多波束数据进行网格化,该算法的优点是权函数收敛较快,能较好地保留细小的地形特征,而且运算速度较快。对于图形制作方面,提出了2D等深线图叠加3D阴影图模式的海底地形图的绘制思路及实现方法,最终成果图立体感强,可以更好地表现出地形细节。最后就如何改进海底地形图的配色方案进行了探讨。     

柴达木盆地南翼山油田新近系油砂山组低渗微裂缝储集层特征及成因分析

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定并借助X衍射全岩矿物分析,对柴达木盆地南翼山油田新近系油砂山组储集层特征进行分析。该区岩石中泥质含量高,岩性复杂,可划分为泥岩、碳酸盐岩、砂岩和混积岩4种类型。储集层中发育粒间孔、溶蚀孔、微孔隙和微裂缝等,形成了具有双重孔隙介质的储集空间特征。微裂缝是该区主要渗流通道,而微孔隙是主要储集空间,储集层物性总体较差。该区微裂缝类型包括构造缝、溶蚀缝和成岩缝。储集层岩石纹层发育,砂质纹层和泥灰质纹层交互出现,沉积和成岩作用过程中岩石受力不均衡、碳酸盐矿物的溶解以及泥岩收缩是形成微裂缝的主要原因。该区储集层物性受压实作用明显变差,溶蚀和胶结作用同时存在,对储集层物性影响较大。储集层岩石毛管压力曲线由近似垂直的斜线段和近似水平的曲线段两部分组成,中间存在较为明显的拐折点。斜线段反映了微裂缝特征,近似水平曲线反映了微孔隙特征。利用毛管压力曲线求取的排驱压力和平均孔喉半径无法真实地表述此类微裂缝储集层的孔隙结构特征,提出了有效孔喉半径概念,可以合理表述该区微裂缝储集层孔隙结构特征。     

1988―2006年珠三角建设用地扩展的空间差异分析

采用珠三角1988、1998、2006年3个时相的建设用地解译数据,借助GIS空间分析工具,采用空间重心分析、象限缓冲区分析、典型区位空间分析、景观形态分析等空间分析方法,对1988年以来珠三角建设用地扩展的空间特征进行研究。其结果表明:1988年以来,珠三角的建设用地进入高速扩展时期,建设用地空间重心总体向东南方向移动,整个区域东部及南部的建设用地扩展占绝对优势,特别在近珠江口以及珠江口东岸地区表现得更加明显,围绕珠江口形成"剧烈扩展型―强扩展型―弱扩展型―稳定型"递变圈层结构;建设用地总体上呈现向沿路、沿海和平原区等典型区位集聚的特征,但在斑块层面上则表现出形态复杂和布局散乱的特点,且围绕城市中心区形成"集聚(高水平)―分散―集聚(低水平)"的圈层递变结构。     

LURR's Twenty Years and its Perspective

Seismogenic process is a nonlinear and irreversible one, so that the response to loading of a seismogenic zone is different from the unloading one. This difference reflects quantitatively the process of an earthquake preparation. A physics-based new parameter-Load/Unload Response Ratio (LURR) was proposed to measure quantitatively the proximity to a strong earthquake and then used to be an earthquake predictor. In the present paper, a brief history of LURR is recalled; inspection of real earthquake cases, numerical simulations and laboratory studies of LURR, prediction efforts in terms of LURR, probability problem of LURR and its prospect are also expatiated.