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51.
T.Kiang 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2003,3(2):95-104
A new way of probing the harge-scale structure of the universe is proposed.Space is partitioned into cells the shape of rhombic dodecahedron.The cells are labelled “filled“ or “empty“ according as they contain galaxies or not ,the cell size is so chosen as to have narly equal numbers of filled and empty cells for the given galaxy sample.Two observables on each cell are definable:the number of ist like neighbors,n1,and a two-suffixed topological type τ,the suffixes being the numbers of its like and unlike neighbor-groups.The frequency distributions of n1 and τ in the observed set of filled(empty)cells are then considered as indicators of the morphology of the set,The method is applied to the CfA catalogue of galaxies as an illustration.Despite its limited size,the data offers evidence 1) that the empty cells are more stongly clustered than the filled cells,and 2) theat the filled cells,but not the empty cells,have a tendency to occur in sheets,Further directions of development both in theory and application are indicated. 相似文献
52.
Low‐flow characteristics can be estimated by multiple linear regressions or the index‐streamgage approach. The latter transfers streamflow information from a hydrologically similar, continuously gaged basin (‘index streamgage’) to one with a very limited streamflow record, but often results in biased estimates. The application of the index‐streamgage approach can be generalized into three steps: (1) selection of streamflow information of interest, (2) definition of hydrologic similarity and selection of index streamgage, and (3) application of an information‐transfer approach. Here, we explore the effects of (1) the range of streamflow values, (2) the areal density of streamgages, and (3) index‐streamgage selection criteria on the bias of three information‐transfer approaches on estimates of the 7‐day, 10‐year minimum streamflow (Q7, 10). The three information‐transfer approaches considered are maintenance of variance extension, base‐flow correlation, and ratio of measured to concurrent gaged streamflow (Q‐ratio invariance). Our results for 1120 streamgages throughout the United States suggest that only a small portion of the total bias in estimated streamflow values is explained by the areal density of the streamgages and the hydrologic similarity between the two basins. However, restricting the range of streamflow values used in the index‐streamgage approach reduces the bias of estimated Q7, 10 values substantially. Importantly, estimated Q7, 10 values are heavily biased when the observed Q7, 10 values are near zero. Results of the analysis also showed that Q7, 10 estimates from two of the three index‐streamgage approaches have lower root‐mean‐square error values than estimates derived from multiple regressions for the large regions considered in this study. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
53.
The groundwater flow pattern of the western part of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS), Brazil, is characterized by three regional recharge areas in the north, and a potentiometric divide in the south, which trends north–south approximately. Groundwater flow is radial from these regional recharge areas toward the center of Paraná Sedimentary Basin and toward the western outcrop areas at the border of the Pantanal Matogrossense, because of the potentiometric divide. The isotopic composition of GAS groundwater leads to understanding the paleoclimatic conditions in the regional recharge areas. The δ18O and δ2H isotopic ratios of GAS groundwaters vary, respectively, from –9.1 to –4.8‰ V-SMOW and –58.4 to –21.7‰ V-SMOW. In the recharge zones, enriched δ18O values are observed, while in the confined zone lighter δ18O values are observed. These suggest that climatic conditions were 10°C cooler than the present during the recharge of these waters. The δ13C ratios in groundwater of GAS, in the study area, vary from –19.5 to –6.5‰ VPDB, increasing along the regional flow lines toward the confined zone. This variation is related to dissolution of carbonate cement in the sandstones. 相似文献
54.
J. Hansen M. Sato R. Ruedy P. Kharecha A. Lacis R. Miller L. Nazarenko K. Lo G. A. Schmidt G. Russell I. Aleinov S. Bauer E. Baum B. Cairns V. Canuto M. Chandler Y. Cheng A. Cohen A. Del Genio G. Faluvegi E. Fleming A. Friend T. Hall C. Jackman J. Jonas M. Kelley N. Y. Kiang D. Koch G. Labow J. Lerner S. Menon T. Novakov V. Oinas Ja. Perlwitz Ju. Perlwitz D. Rind A. Romanou R. Schmunk D. Shindell P. Stone S. Sun D. Streets N. Tausnev D. Thresher N. Unger M. Yao S. Zhang 《Climate Dynamics》2007,29(7-8):661-696
We carry out climate simulations for 1880–2003 with GISS modelE driven by ten measured or estimated climate forcings. An ensemble
of climate model runs is carried out for each forcing acting individually and for all forcing mechanisms acting together.
We compare side-by-side simulated climate change for each forcing, all forcings, observations, unforced variability among
model ensemble members, and, if available, observed variability. Discrepancies between observations and simulations with all
forcings are due to model deficiencies, inaccurate or incomplete forcings, and imperfect observations. Although there are
notable discrepancies between model and observations, the fidelity is sufficient to encourage use of the model for simulations
of future climate change. By using a fixed well-documented model and accurately defining the 1880–2003 forcings, we aim to
provide a benchmark against which the effect of improvements in the model, climate forcings, and observations can be tested.
Principal model deficiencies include unrealistically weak tropical El Nino-like variability and a poor distribution of sea
ice, with too much sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere and too little in the Southern Hemisphere. Greatest uncertainties in
the forcings are the temporal and spatial variations of anthropogenic aerosols and their indirect effects on clouds.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
55.
We have worked out a ’statistical algorithm’ for obtaining the posterior probability density of the deceleration parameter
q0 from quasars where there is a luminosity indicator available. We point out that the role of the luminosity indicator is to
provide asecond estimate of individual luminosities after a first estimate has been obtained from measured brightness and redshift together
with an assumed q0. Discrimination of q0 is to be sought in the statistical properties of the set of differences between the two estimates (the residuals). We show
that the variance of the residuals and their correlation with redshifts (further refined to luminosity distances) are two
independent test-statistics for q0, whose known distributions then lead to the probability density sought.
We have applied the above algorithm to a sample of flat-spectrum radio quasars with measured CIV, MgII and Ly α lines. A combined
Baldwin’s relation was used for all 3 lines. Our result is that log q0 is normally distributed with a mean value of + 0.270± 0.135 (s.d.), or, q0
= + 1.86 ± 0.135 dex. This result, we believe, is the sharpest result so far published on q0. 相似文献
56.
基于多源遥感影像融合的影像匹配技术 总被引:2,自引:4,他引:2
多源遥感影像数据配准,常用的方法是多项式纠正法。此方法简单,但不能有效实现图像之间的相互配准。本文介绍了一种基于影像匹配的图像对图像局部纠正技术,包括影像直方图匹配、特征点提取、影像匹配处理技术,以及图像对图像局部纠正等技术,用于多源数据的配准。实验证明这种流程适合不同时相、不同传感器遥感数据(TM数据、SPOT数据与航空影像数据)的精确配准,配准误差可达到子像元级别。 相似文献
57.
准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带构造演化与成藏过程复杂。为深化对这种复杂性的认识,以给区域油气勘探和基础石油
地质研究提供参考信息,针对区域构造上存在东西分段、南北分带的特点,从不同角度详细分析了不同区段油气成藏的特
征及其差异,包括烃源、储层、圈闭、输导、保存、成藏模式和主控因素。结果表明,不同区段的油气藏分布层位和成藏
特征均不同,展示出油气成藏的差异性。其中,东段阜康断裂带主要是二叠系(包括侏罗系)的油气聚集于侏罗系储层中,
成藏主控因素是圈闭、保存条件和储层;中段山前冲断带主要是侏罗系和二叠系(包括白垩系)的油气聚集于古近系和白
垩系储层中,成藏主控因素是烃源岩、油源断裂和储层;西段四棵树凹陷地区主要是侏罗系(包括古近系)的油气聚集于
古近系-新近系和白垩系储层中,油气成藏主控因素是运移通道和储层条件。 相似文献