1956-2003年拉萨河流域径流变化趋势

Taking the Lhasa River Basin above Lhasa hydrological station in Tibetan Plateau as a study area, the characteristics of the annual and monthly mean runoff during 1956-2003 were analyzed, based on the hydro-data of the two hydrological stations （Lhasa and Tanggya） and the meteorological data of the three meteorological stations （Damxung, Lhasa and Tanggya）. The trends and the change points of runoff and climate from 1956 to 2003 were detected using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt-Mann-Whitney change-point statistics. The correlations between runoff and climate change were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The major results could be summarized as follows： （1） The annual mean runoff during the last 50 years is characterized by a great fluctuation and a positive trend with two change points （around 1970 and the early 1980s）, after which the runoff tended to increase and was increasing intensively in the last 20 years. Besides, the monthly mean runoff with a positive trend is centralized in winter half-year （November to April） and some other months （May, July and September）. （2） The trends of the climate change in the study area are generally consistent with the trend of the runoff, but the leading climate factors which aroused the runoff variation are distinct. Precipitation is the dominant factor influencing the annual and monthly mean runoff in summer half year, while temperature is the primary factor in winter season.     

青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式

利用分层随机抽样、参与式农村评估及其工具、地块调查、数理统计等方法,对63个农户、272个地块进行了系统的调查与取样,研究了青藏高原东部山地农牧区金川县克尔马村的生计多样化与耕地利用模式。结果表明:①不同类型农户的生计策略选择、组合及收入不同,生计多样化,引入并扩大非农活动是当地生计策略的发展趋势,但不利的自然环境和社会经济条件以及农户自身素质共同影响了生计和土地利用的可持续性;②各种生计策略对土地利用的影响不同,主要影响土地利用类型和土地利用集约化水平;③以非农活动为主的生计多样化可能是该区构建可持续生计的核心,同时也是实现土地可持续利用的根本途径。     

中国土地利用文献分析及研究进展

中国生态与环境及可持续发展面临的许多问题都与土地利用及其变化有着密切的联系,寻求解决这些问 题的途径的迫切性决定了开展土地利用综合研究的必要性和重要性。土地利用研究文献则是反映土地利用研究水 平、研究现状及趋势的晴雨表,对于展示中国的土地利用研究成果,制定科学的区域可持续发展政策,正确认识我 国土地利用研究的热点(区域和问题)有着重要的科学价值和借鉴意义。通过对近百年来国内发表的中文文献的不 完全统计和分析,以1978~2007 年发表的4531 篇中国土地利用研究论文为数据源,利用文献计量学方法,从中国 土地利用研究文献的数量、研究区域、研究方法、研究主题的分布及变化等方面进行了深入的分析,并探讨了中国 土地利用研究现状及发展趋势。     

Research Progress in Ecological Carrying Capacity:Implications,Assessment Methods and Current Focus

In recent years, rapid global urbanization accompanied by rapid economic growth has resulted in increasingly serious eco-environmental problems such as land degradation and pollution. As a society, we are gradually realizing the role of environmental protection and ecologically-focused construction in promoting sustainable development. As an important method for assessing sustainable development, ecological carrying capacity (ECC) has become a powerful tool for investigating sustainable development and assessing eco-environmental problems. Based on results from a large number of previous studies in this discipline, we summarized and generalized the implications, main assessment methods, and key research domains of ECC. Deficiencies and future trends in ECC research are identified. In terms of implications, ECC can be roughly defined into the perspectives of environmental change, human effects on ecological systems, and holistic ecological systems. The primary assessment methods and models can be classified in accordance with these three perspectives, including ecological footprint method, ecosystem-services-based method, net primary productivity method, situation space method, energetic ecological footprint model, system dynamics model, and coupling model. We compared the advantages and disadvantage of different methods and analyzed their applicable conditions. As ECC research has advanced, related studies have gradually extend to land systems, watershed systems, ecologically vulnerable areas, tourism systems, and urban comprehensive systems, which have solved relevant eco-environmental problems based on ECC assessments. Currently, ECC research lacks a standard definition for the ECC index threshold, research related to dynamic monitoring and early warning, sufficient consideration of scientific and technological drivers, and spatial pattern analyses. Future trends in ECC-related research should provide a large-scale assessment of cross-border areas and ecological vulnerable areas, construct an ecological warning platform, and consistently analyze ECC and regional leading industries.     

四川盆地下古生界黑色页岩纳米孔隙形态的影响因素及其地质意义

以场发射扫描电镜与Pores and Cracks Analysis System （PCAS） 图像处理软件为主要研究手段,以形状系数为孔隙形态表征参数,并选取低压N2吸附等为辅助研究手段,对四川盆地及周缘地区的典型钻井A-D 井龙马溪组及筇竹寺组黑色页岩中纳米孔隙的形态特征进行定量研究。研究发现黑色页岩纳米孔隙形态受孔隙类型（赋存位置）、有机质显微组分、地层埋藏深度、热成熟度及孔隙尺寸等因素综合控制。具体体现在：（1） 有机质孔、粒间孔和粒内孔所占比例、孔径分布与孔隙形态具有明显差异,反映这三类孔隙的演化受成岩作用的影响不同。（2） 固体沥青纳米孔隙比其他显微组分中的纳米孔隙更加规则。（3） 与埋藏深度密切相关的压实作用很可能会在垂向上压缩孔隙,一方面令孔径缩小,另一方面让孔隙形态往狭长–裂缝形发展。（4） 有机质孔形态随热成熟度升高总体上会变得更加规则,但这种趋势可能会被孔隙间的合并及压实作用等破坏。（5） 面积更小的孔隙形态往往比面积更大的孔隙更规则。初步研究显示固体沥青纳米孔隙形态代表着高过成熟页岩气储层中主体储集空间所处压力环境,但固体沥青纳米孔隙形态随孔隙压力的演化模式及利用固体沥青纳米孔隙形态表征其所在层系异常高压维持状况及页岩气保存状况的可能性尚需进一步研究。     

四川盆地下古生界黑色页岩纳米孔隙形态的影响因素及其地质意义

以场发射扫描电镜与Pores and Cracks Analysis System （PCAS） 图像处理软件为主要研究手段，以形状系数为孔隙形态表征参数，并选取低压N2吸附等为辅助研究手段，对四川盆地及周缘地区的典型钻井A-D 井龙马溪组及筇竹寺组黑色页岩中纳米孔隙的形态特征进行定量研究。研究发现黑色页岩纳米孔隙形态受孔隙类型（赋存位置）、有机质显微组分、地层埋藏深度、热成熟度及孔隙尺寸等因素综合控制。具体体现在：（1） 有机质孔、粒间孔和粒内孔所占比例、孔径分布与孔隙形态具有明显差异，反映这三类孔隙的演化受成岩作用的影响不同。（2） 固体沥青纳米孔隙比其他显微组分中的纳米孔隙更加规则。（3） 与埋藏深度密切相关的压实作用很可能会在垂向上压缩孔隙，一方面令孔径缩小，另一方面让孔隙形态往狭长–裂缝形发展。（4） 有机质孔形态随热成熟度升高总体上会变得更加规则，但这种趋势可能会被孔隙间的合并及压实作用等破坏。（5） 面积更小的孔隙形态往往比面积更大的孔隙更规则。初步研究显示固体沥青纳米孔隙形态代表着高过成熟页岩气储层中主体储集空间所处压力环境，但固体沥青纳米孔隙形态随孔隙压力的演化模式及利用固体沥青纳米孔隙形态表征其所在层系异常高压维持状况及页岩气保存状况的可能性尚需进一步研究。     

Land use and landscape pattern change: a linkage to the construction of the Qinghai-Xizang Highway

Based on digital land use data from 1995 to 2000 and road data, the land use and landscape changes of Golmud, Qumaleb and Zhidoi are studied on a macro-scale. Land use and landscape changes in highway buffer zones and city expansion are special subjects. A new formula is used to define the exact degree of dynamic land use. To adequately define land use and landscape pattern changes, the buffer zones, illustrating the changes at different distances from the road, are recognized with ArcGIS 8.1 software. Prominent changes took place in land use and landscape patterns from 1995 to 2000, and the area of built-up land increased by 323.8%. The comprehensive degree of dynamic land use is 2.25, and the degree of dynamic land use of built-up land is the highest, followed by cultivated land. Woodland has the lowest value. The used degree index of land resources declined by 38.8 from 1995 to 2000. Landscape changed dramatically which influenced ecological processes immensely. Different from the corridor effect of other traffic routes, the corridor effect of this section of road is not obvious and its "point" radiation effect can be easily seen. The expanding range of Golmud City is confined to a 3 km buffer, while for Wudaoliang, it is 1 km. No land use change happened in the Nanshankou buffer.     

青藏铁路温性草原区路域植被自然恢复过程中群落组成和物种多样性变化

以芨芨草和短花针茅为优势种的温性草原是青藏铁路进入海拔3000m以上地区所穿越的第一个地带性植被类型。在青藏铁路经过的温性草原区对未受筑路直接影响的区域、取土区、铁路路基、周围其它类型的公路路域植被进行取样，并对群落组成和有关群落特征进行了比较，以讨论青藏铁路的修建与运营对温性草原及其恢复过程的影响。结果显示，青藏铁路修筑过程对铁路两侧一定区域的温性草原有较大影响，但随着受影响区域植被的自然恢复，群落盖度、生态优势度和物种多样性等反应群落特征的指标都有一定程度的改善，一些在原生植被中很少出现或伴生种在恢复后的群落中有可能成为群落的优势种或建群种，如露蕊乌头和鹅绒委陵菜等；人为辅助措施将有利于受损植被的恢复；修筑铁路过程中受到影响的温性草原其恢复过程中尚未出现外来入侵植物。     

Land cover change along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway from 1981 to 2001

Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI monthly data from 1981 to 2001, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of land cover along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway were studied. The results of the analytical data indicate that the NDVI values in July, August and September are rather high during a year, and a linear trend by calculating NDVI of each pixel computed based on the average values of NDVI in July, August and September were obtained. The results are as follows: 1) Land cover of the study area by NDVI displays high at two sides of the area and low in the center, and agriculture area > alpine meadow > alpine grassland > desert grassland. 2) In the study area, the amount of pixels with high increase, slight increase, no change, slight decrease and high decrease account for 0.29%, 14.86%, 67.61%, 16.7% and 0.57% of the whole area, respectively. The increase of land cover pixels is mainly in the agriculture and alpine meadow and the decrease pixels mainly in the alpine grassland, desert grassland and hungriness. Grassland and hungriness contribute to the decrease mostly and artificial land and meadow contribute to the increase mostly. 3) In the area where human beings live, the changing trend is obvious, such as the valleys of Lhasa River and Huangshui River and area along the Yellow River; in the high altitude area with fewer people living, the changing trend is relatively low, like the area of Hoh Xil. 4) Human being’s behaviors are a key factor followed by the climate changes affecting land cover.     

Experimental Study of the Earthquake Recurrence Period and the Trend of Post-seismic Development

In order to study the earthquake recurrence and the characteristics of earthquake series, rupture tests of rock samples and plexiglass samples were made. On rock samples, a number of acoustic emission (AE) and strain measuring points were deployed; the load was one side direct shear. The variation characteristics of AE and strain at different detecting points around the extra large fracture were observed and studied. On plexiglass samples, a series of inclined cracks were prefabricated by a small-scale compressive testing machine. The samples were then loaded on a shockproof platen, when the samples were loaded, the stress intensity factor (SIF) was determined by the laser interferometric technique and shadow optical method of caustics. The fracture conditions such as material toughness around the extra large fracture were also studied. From those experimental results and the theory of fracture mechanics, the earthquake recurrence period and the trend of post-seismic development were studied.