尼罗罗非鱼体重与体维可量性状之间的关系

以尼罗罗非鱼为研究对象,通过测量和回归分析,研究体重与体维可量性状之间的相关关系。结果表明:体重与体长、身长、全长、体高、体厚等形态特征性状的相关性均高于0.85,呈较高的正相关关系;多元回归方程lnW=a+b1lnLS+b2lnDB和lnW=a+b1lnLC+b2lnDB对于全体数据的拟合度分别为0.958和0.955,拟合度较高,且在实际检验中效果较好,超过88%的个体误差范围在5.0%之内,可有效反映出不同体维性状对鱼类体重的影响。     

A probabilistic model for real‐time flood warning based on deterministic flood inundation mapping

Deterministic flood inundation mapping is valuable for the investigation of detailed flood depth and extent. However, when these data are used for real‐time flood warning, uncertainty arises while encountering the difficulties of timely response, message interpretation and performance evaluation that makes statistical analysis necessary. By incorporating deterministic flood inundation map outputs statistically by means of logistic regression, this paper presents a probabilistic real‐time flood warning model determining region‐based flood probability directly from rainfall, being efficient in computation, clear in message, and valid in physical meaning. The calibration and validation of the probabilistic model show a satisfactory overall correctness rate, with the hit rate far surpassing the false alarm rate in issuing flood warning for historical events. Further analyses show that the probabilistic model is effective in evaluating the level of uncertainty lying within flood warning which can be reduced by several techniques proposed in order to improve warning performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

亚硝态氮（NO2--N）对吉富罗非鱼的毒性及相关因子

通过NO2--N对吉富罗非鱼的急性毒性试验,研究了NO2--N胁迫过程中的应激反应,pH和NaCl浓度对毒性的影响,以及不同生态环境下吉富罗非鱼对亚硝态氮毒性的耐受性差异等,结果表明:在受试鱼急性中毒96h全致死条件下(NO2--N最小浓度192.49mg/L、PH7.37),当水体pH为6.21±0.19、7.09±0.20、8.40±0.22时,全致死时间96h分别变为62、88、102h,当NaCl浓度达到400.00mg/L时,其解毒作用极其显著(P<0.01)。在受试鱼急性中毒48h不死亡条件下(NO2--N最大浓度60.87mg/L,29.7±1.2℃),温度剧降10±0.8℃时,应激反应发生在持续中毒32h后,中毒40h后受试鱼全部应激致死。生活在温室内水泥池、室外水泥池、土池池塘的吉富罗非鱼对NO2--N耐受性存在很大差异。     

两种不同低温应激方法对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)死亡率、血清皮质醇和天然免疫因子的影响

采用两种不同降温方法, 进行吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus) (60.13g)低温应激比较(水温从26℃降至致死温度8℃)。急性低温应激组以9℃/h的降温速度, 2h后水温降至8℃; 慢性低温应激组以3℃/d的降温速度, 6d后水温降至8℃。以水温到达8℃时的时间为0h, 比较致死温度下两种低温处理对吉富罗非鱼48h内累积死亡率、血清皮质醇与天然免疫指标的变化。结果表明, 致死温度下48h时, 急性低温应激组的累积死亡率为53.33%, 显著高于慢性低温应激组的26.67% (P<0.05); 慢性低温应激组血清皮质醇水平低于急性低温应激组, 血清溶菌酶、C3和IgM活力以及头肾中C型溶菌酶和抗菌肽基因相对表达水平显著高于急性应激组(P<0.05)。急性低温应激组相对较高的血清皮质醇水平抑制了机体天然免疫活性, 降低了鱼体的抵抗力。因此, 在实际养殖生产中, 通过适当的低温驯化过程可以有效地提高吉富罗非鱼的低温耐受性。     

Fully coupled modeling of seabed subsidence and reservoir compaction of North Sea oil fields

This paper focuses on the aspects of fully coupled continuum modeling of multiphase poroelasticity applied to the three-dimensional numerical simulations of the Ekofisk oil reservoir in the North Sea (56°29′–34′N, 03°10′–14′E). A systematic presentation is chosen to present the methodology behind fully coupled, continuum modeling. First, a historical review of the subsidence phenomena above an oil and gas reservoir is given. This will serve as a background against which the relevance of the present approach to compaction and subsidence modeling will be demonstrated. Following this, the governing equations for a multiphase poroelasticity model are briefly presented. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the pore-compressibility term usually used in an uncoupled approach for characterising the host-rock deformation. A comparative numerical analysis is carried out to contrast and highlight the difference between coupled and uncoupled reservoir simulators. Finally, a finite-element numerical model of the Ekofisk field is presented and a significant result is a contour map of seabed subsidence which is in general agreement with the shape of the subsidence contours based on past bathymetric surveys. Analysis of the simulation reveals that, due to the downward movement of the overburden, oil migration occurs from the crest of the anticline in which the field is situated, towards the flank. The pore-pressure depletion in the reservoir is significantly delayed due to the replenishment of the reservoir energy via the formational compaction. Horizontal movement in the reservoir, which is neglected in traditional modeling, can be significant and comparable in magnitude to the vertical subsidence. Electronic Publication     

Measurements of internal waves and turbulence in two-dimensional stratified shear flows

A turbulent stratified shear flow is generated in a towing tank by towing a grid or a circular cylinder through a tank of stratified salt water. The internal waves and turbulence generated in these flows are visualized with shadowgraphs and measured with quartz-coated hot-film probes (up to four probes for velocity fluctuations) and single-electrode conductivity probes (up to four probes for salinity fluctuations) which are towed at the same speed as the obstacle. The velocity and salinity signals are recorded on magnetic tapes. A portion of these signals is processed directly-on-line with a digital computer. From these shadowgraphs and probe measurements, we observe that

1. Far downstream of the obstacle where the turbulence has already subsided, the stratified fluid always has a layered structure. This layered structure persists for a long time, and is a result of the convection of turbulently mixed layers by the mean flow. These results indicate that in the regions of a stably stratified atmosphere and ocean where the turbulence has subsided, one could often find layered structure.
2. There are spectral peaks and valleys in the measured velocity and salinity autospectra when the stratifications are sufficiently strong. Under certain conditions, these spectral peaks tend to lift up the spectral curves to show substantialf ^?5/3 subranges, although the turbulence Reynolds numbers are too low for the flows to have recognizable inertial subranges. This anomalousf ^?5/3 subrange demonstrates the pitfalls of using spectral measurements in thef ^?5/3 subrange to predict the turbulent energy dissipation rate through the Kolmogorov hypothesis.
3. A diagnostic method is developed for distinguishing internal waves from turbulence, utilizing their phase characteristics. The phase characteristics can be conveniently examined from the cospectra and quadrature spectra measurements of: (a), two vertically separated velocity probes; (b), two vertically separated density probes; and (c), a velocity probe and a density probe. This method is demonstrated to be useful in the laboratory and can be applied directly to atmospheric and oceanic measurements to distinguish internal waves from turbulence.
4. From the coherency measurements, it is found that the entire turbulent stratified wake is actually whipping up and down at a frequency corresponding to the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. This indicates that similar stratified shear flows in the atmosphere and in the ocean, such as the jet streams in the atmosphere and the Cromwell current in the ocean, may oscillate vertically, which in turn can induce horizontal oscillation and meandering.

     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional unsteady viscous flow past fixed hexagonal ice crystals in the air — preliminary results

The flow fields of hexagonal ice plates and broad-branch ice crystals fallingin the air with Reynolds numbers from 20 to 140 were investigated by numerical simulations. The three-dimensional incompressible, unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for flow past fixed targets were solved by a second-order QUICK numerical scheme. Several velocity fields are displayed. It is shown that unsteady flow can be modeled by adding an artificial disturbance at a certain point. Computations showed that thin oblate spheroids are good approximations to hexagonal plates of the same size in the drag calculation whereas the broad-branch crystals are significantly different. Empirical formulas for drag coefficients were developed for cloud physical calculations.     

畜禽废弃物集运车自动监控回报地理信息系统之开发

本研究能藉由装置于畜禽废弃物集运车之重量感测系统（Weighing System，WS）及全球卫星定位系统（Global Positioning System，GPS），经由全球行动无线通讯系统（Global System for Mobile Communication，GSM）全天候将集运车上畜禽废弃物载重变化及其位置，实时传回监控中心之地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，Gis）与数据库服务器中，再利用网络地图服务器经因特网（Intemet）随时提供客户端上网浏览查询与监控集运车可能不当流用之行为。本系统着重以重量变化信息作为监控端参考的重要依据，再配合车辆定位信息以核对畜禽废弃物卸载地点与重量而掌控不当流用之明确证据。另考虑集运车司机可能利用下班时间进行违法行为，监控人员无法全天侯监控，本研究系统增加集运车于非上班时间发生异常状况时，以简讯（Short Message）及电子邮件（E-mail）型式传送至预设监控者手机或远程计算机内或在提供监控者于下班时间直接透过因特网浏览器监控之功能，以及藉由远程操控软件（Symantec PC Anywhere）透过远程计算机进入监控中心做不定时的查询监视。另外，本系统透过手持式输入设备，将清运司机所输入毙死畜禽数量信息传送到GSM／GPRS（General Packet Radio Service）模块，并发送回监控端，其监控人员可透过因特网浏览接口，了解集运车辆实时清运数量、重量与路线位置之关系，以确实达到集运车辆控管之目的。     

基于响应曲面法研究亚硝酸盐与养殖密度对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长与肝脏抗氧化力的影响

采用中心复合实验设计(CCD)和响应曲面方法(RSM),在实验室条件下探讨了亚硝酸盐(0.02—2.8mg/L)和养殖密度(1—5尾/10L)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化指标(MDA含量,SOD与CAT活力)的联合影响。整个实验周期持续35d。结果显示,本实验条件下,亚硝酸盐和密度的一次效应和密度的二次效应对特定生长率有极显著影响(P0.01),特定生长率随着亚硝酸盐或密度的上升呈先上升后下降的变化。亚硝酸盐与养殖密度之间存在互作效应(P0.05)。亚硝酸盐浓度和养殖密度分别为1.65mg/L和3.28尾/10L时,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力同时较高。亚硝酸盐与养殖密度的一次效应对MDA含量和两种酶活力均有显著影响(P0.05),二次效应对两种酶活力的表达有极显著影响(P0.01);亚硝酸盐与密度对SOD和CAT活力有互作效应,高浓度亚硝酸盐与高密度环境会抑制SOD和CAT活力的表达,增加肝脏MDA含量。因子与响应值间二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.9384、0.9004、0.9520和0.9650(P0.01),可用于响应值预测;亚硝酸盐含量比养殖密度对养殖鱼的生长影响更为明显。建议在罗非鱼集约化养殖中,保持溶氧充足,降低氧化胁迫,提高罗非鱼的生长与抗氧化力。     

团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)两种热休克蛋白 70(HSP70s)的原核表达、纯化及鉴定

采用PCR方法扩增团头鲂组成型HSC70和诱导型HSP70基因完整的编码区片段,并分别克隆到原核表达载体pET-22b(+)中,然后转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),用1mmol/L IPTG在不同温度及时间下进行诱导表达。采用Ni-NTA His Bind Resins亲和层析和DEAE-Sepharose FF阴离子交换柱层析对目的蛋白进行纯化,并进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析。结果表明,成功构建了团头鲂两种重组表达质粒pET-22b(+)/Ma-HSC70和pET-22b(+)/Ma-HSP70,表达融合蛋白的相对分子量均约为72kDa,并能与兔抗人HSP70多抗进行特异性结合,这两种HSP70s融合蛋白经纯化后的纯度均达到95%以上。本实验选择融合蛋白Ma-HSC70在25℃和Ma-HSP70在30℃下分别诱导7h作为可溶性表达的最佳条件。