Improved hybrid iterative optimization method for seismic full waveform inversion

In full waveform inversion (FWI), Hessian information of the misfit function is of vital importance for accelerating the convergence of the inversion; however, it usually is not feasible to directly calculate the Hessian matrix and its inverse. Although the limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) or Hessian-free inexact Newton (HFN) methods are able to use approximate Hessian information, the information they collect is limited. The two methods can be interlaced because they are able to provide Hessian information for each other; however, the performance of the hybrid iterative method is dependent on the effective switch between the two methods. We have designed a new scheme to realize the dynamic switch between the two methods based on the decrease ratio (DR) of the misfit function (objective function), and we propose a modified hybrid iterative optimization method. In the new scheme, we compare the DR of the two methods for a given computational cost, and choose the method with a faster DR. Using these steps, the modified method always implements the most efficient method. The results of Marmousi and over thrust model testings indicate that the convergence with our modified method is significantly faster than that in the L-BFGS method with no loss of inversion quality. Moreover, our modified outperforms the enriched method by a little speedup of the convergence. It also exhibits better efficiency than the HFN method.     

Stochastic subspace identification for output‐only modal analysis: application to super high‐rise tower under abnormal loading condition

The objective of this paper is to develop an online system parameter estimation technique from the response measurements through using the recursive covariance‐driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI‐COV) approach. In developing the recursive SSI‐COV, to avoid time‐consumption of singular value decomposition in recursive SSI, the extended instrumental variable version of the projection approximation subspace tracking method is used in SSI‐COV. Besides, to reduce the effect of noise on the results of identification, the preprocessing of data using recursive singular spectrum analysis technique is also presented to remove the noise contaminant measurements to enhance the stability of data analysis. On the basis of the proposed method, both the ambient vibration and seismic response data of a tower (Canton Tower) are used to observe the time‐varying system natural frequencies of a tower from its operating condition. Results from using off‐line SSI‐COV method under normal operating condition are also presented. Comparison on the identified time‐varying dynamic characteristics of the tower under normal operating condition and earthquake response of distanced earthquake event is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake response analyses of a full‐scale five‐story steel frame equipped with two types of dampers

The seismic performance tests of a full‐scale five‐story passively controlled steel building were conducted on the E‐Defense shaking table in Japan in March 2009. Before the tests, a blind prediction contest was held to allow researchers and practitioners from all over the world to construct analytical models and predict the dynamic responses of the steel frame specimen equipped with buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) or viscous dampers (VDs). This paper presents the details of two refined prediction models made and results obtained before the tests. When the proposed analytical modeling techniques are adopted as in the two refined prediction models, the overall prediction accuracy is about 90%. Sensitivity studies conducted after the tests are also presented in this paper. The effects of varying each modeling feature on the response simulation accuracy have been investigated. The analytical results suggest that considering concrete full‐composite actions for beam members could improve prediction accuracy by about 20% against using the simplified bare steel beam model. Adopting refined BRB stiffness computed from incorporating finite‐element gusset stiffness only improves the overall prediction accuracy by 0.9%. Considering the BRB dynamic loading test results for analytical BRB strength reduces the error by 1.9%. For the VD frame, incorporating the brace and VD stiffness could improve the overall prediction accuracy by about 15%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Suppressing non‐Gaussian noises with scaled receiver wavefield for reverse‐time migration: comparison of different approaches

Numerical implementation of the gradient of the cost function in a gradient‐based full‐ waveform inversion (FWI) is essentially a migration operator used in wave equation migration. In FWI, minimizing different data residual norms results in different weighting strategies of data residuals at receiver locations prior to back‐propagation into the medium. In this paper, we propose different scaling methods to the receiver wavefield and compare their performances. Using time‐domain reverse‐time migration (RTM), we show that compared to conventional algorithms, this type of scaling is able to significantly suppress non‐Gaussian noise, i.e., outliers. Our tests also show that scaling by its absolute norm produces better results than other approaches.     

A Comprehensive Dynamic Threshold Algorithm for Daytime Sea Fog Retrieval over the Chinese Adjacent Seas

Sea fog influences human activities over oceans. It is somewhat difficult to separate sea fog from marine boundary stratus (low stratus and stratocumulus) by satellites due to their microphysical similarities and shared spectral features. For the purpose of improving sea fog detection over the Chinese adjacent seas where fog is common during the spring–summer seasons, the vertical structures of fog and stratus were analyzed using ground-based soundings, resulting in the observation of very explicit discrepancies between them, in terms of TAT ? SST (TAT, the temperature at tops of fog or stratus; SST, the sea surface temperature). Based on these discrepancies and on previous related studies, we suggest a comprehensive dynamic threshold algorithm. The method combines real-time brightness temperature from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer channel 31 (~11 μm) with climatological monthly mean SSTs to produce a threshold that is monthly-dependent. The retrieved results are generally consistent with the observations from meteorological stations near the coast, on islands and from ships, and the scores of validation by conventional methods are promising. The distribution patterns of the retrieved sea fog frequency in May and June from 2006 to 2010 are both compatible with that from ship-based observations and exhibit more details that are consistent with our understanding of sea fog characteristics. This study is helpful for marine weather service and the improvement of models for sea fog forecasting.     

Gravity field contribution analysis of GOCE gravitational gradient components

A gravity field model is computed from the four accurate gravitational gradient components of GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer), combined with the analysis of the kinematic orbits, and some moderate constraint (or stabilization) in the polar areas where no observation from GOCE is available due to the orbit geometry. The normal matrix of each component is computed individually in order to study its contribution to the combined solution. The results show that the contribution of V_zz is the largest, with an average value of 32.74% of the total solution; the second and the third largest are V_zz and V_yy, with average values of 28.04% and 26.08%, respectively; the component V_xz contributes 11.81%. Validation with external data shows that each component has its characteristic value and that the information content of the component V_xz is not negligible and should be included for gravity field recovery. The orbit part as derived from high-low satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST-hl) to the GPS contributes mostly to the coefficients below degree and order (d/o) 20, and to non-zonal coefficients from d/o 20 to 80. The mean value of the contribution of the polar stabilization is the smallest with a value of 0.22%, nevertheless it is important. In addition to the contribution analysis in terms of the normal matrices, each individual component of the gradiometer has been combined with SST and polar stabilization, to give a set of single component gravity field models. These partially combined solutions are compared to the fully combined solution in terms of geoid differences. They show that the partially combined solution with V_zz is closest to the complete solution. Even closer is a combination with V_xx and V_yy. In addition to the GOCE-only solution, a GOCE-GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) combined gravity field model is derived and the information content of GOCE and an available set of normal equations of GRACE are investigated. Results show that, as expected, GRACE dominates the solution below degree 90 and GOCE above degree 140.     

芦山MS7.0级地震余震序列重新定位及构造意义

利用四川省地震台网的震相数据和双差定位方法对芦山M_S7.0级地震及其余震序列进行了精确定位,根据余震分布确定了发震断层的位置和断层面的几何特征,并对余震活动进行了分析.结果显示,芦山M_S7.0级地震的震中位于30.28°N、102.99°E,震源深度为16.33 km.余震沿发震断层向主震两侧延伸,主要分布在长约32 km、宽约15~20 km、深度为5~24 km的范围内.地震破裂带朝西南方向扩展范围较大,东北方向略小,余震震级随时间迅速衰减.震源深度剖面清晰地显示出发震断层的逆冲破裂特征,推测发震断层为大川—双石断裂东侧约10 km的隐伏断层.该断层走向217°、倾向北西,倾角约45°,产状与大川—双石断裂相比略缓,它们同属龙门山前山断裂带的叠瓦状逆冲断层系.受发震断裂影响,部分余震沿大川—双石断裂分布,西北方向的余震延伸至宝兴杂岩体的东南缘,与汶川地震的破裂带之间存在50 km左右的地震空区,有可能成为未来发生强震的潜在危险区.     

考虑弯曲刚度的悬索面内自由振动解析解

对索的准确模拟有时应考虑弯曲刚度的影响.在已有研究基础上,考虑弯曲刚度对悬索静力构形的影响,分别推导了两端固结和两端铰接边界条件下水平悬索面内自由振动的解析解,并修正了已有文献中的不足之处,该解在理论上较已有解析解更为准确,它可看作是已有文献在均匀索情况下的解析解.本文推导的解析解具有一定的理论意义.     

Photocatalytic Degradation of 17α‐Ethinylestradiol and Inactivation of Escherichia coli Using Ag‐Modified TiO2 Nanotube Arrays

Ag‐modified TiO₂ nanotube arrays (Ag/TiO₂ NAs) were prepared and employed as a photocatalyst for degradation of 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) and inactivation of Escherichia coli. The as‐synthesized Ag/TiO₂ NAs were characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that metallic Ag nanoparticles were firmly deposited on the TiO₂ NAs with the pore diameter of 100 nm and the length of 550 nm. Photocatalytic degradation of EE2 and inactivation of E. coli were enhanced effectively in an analogical trend using Ag/TiO₂ NAs. In particular, Ag/TiO₂ NAs exhibited the antimicrobial activity even in the absence of light. The Ag acted as a disinfection agent as well as the dopant of the modified TiO₂ NAs photocatalysis by forming a Schottky barrier on the surface of TiO₂ NAs. Inorganic ions suppressed the rates of photocatalytic degradation of EE2, with HCO having a more pronounced effect than NO or SO. Humic acid (HA) was found to increase the rate of EE2 degradation.     

基于房屋普查数据的房屋增长规律研究

以辽宁省县级以上城镇房屋普查数据、辽宁农村民居房屋普查数据、统计年鉴及抽样调查等房屋数据为基础,对房屋普查数据统计单元进行重新划分及统计计算,实现了房屋普查数据与应急基础数据库房屋数据单元的统一。通过对统计单元各种房屋结构增长率的计算,结合统计分析方法,给出了辽宁省1134个乡镇级统计单元的房屋增长率分类情况。