Identifying urban–rural differences in social vulnerability to natural hazards: a case study of China

Identifying and analyzing the urban–rural differences of social vulnerability to natural hazards is imperative to ensure that urbanization develops in a way that lessens the impacts of disasters and generate building resilient livelihoods in China. Using data from the 2000 and 2010 population censuses, this study conducted an assessment of the social vulnerability index (SVI) by applying the projection pursuit cluster model. The temporal and spatial changes of social vulnerability in urban and rural areas were then examined during China’s rapid urbanization period. An index of urban–rural differences in social vulnerability (SVI_D) was derived, and the global and local Moran’s I of the SVI_D were calculated to assess the spatial variation and association between the urban and rural SVI. In order to fully determine the impacts of urbanization in relation to social vulnerability, a spatial autoregressive model and Bivariate Moran’s I between urbanization and SVI were both calculated. The urban and rural SVI both displayed a steadily decreasing trend from 2000 to 2010, although the urban SVI was always larger than the rural SVI in the same year. In 17.5% of the prefectures, the rural SVI was larger than the urban SVI in 2000, but was smaller than the urban SVI in 2010. About 12.6% of the urban areas in the prefectures became less vulnerable than rural areas over the study period, while in more than 51.73% of the prefectures the urban–rural SVI gap decreased over the same period. The SVI_D values in all prefectures had a significantly positive spatial autocorrelation and spatial clusters were apparent. Over time, social vulnerability to natural hazards at the prefecture-level displayed a gathering–scattering pattern across China. Though a regional variation of social vulnerability developed during China’s rapid urbanization, the overall trend was for a steady reduction in social vulnerability in both urban and rural areas.

     

Identification of the Main Control Factors and Failure Modes for the Failure of Baiyuzui Landslide Control Project

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The failure of landslide control project presents a deformation that continues to develop along the crack system, and the continuous failure of mechanical...     

浅水三角洲沉积体系与储层岩石学特征

浅水三角洲已经成为当前沉积学研究和油气勘探的重点领域,浅水三角洲常规和非常规砂岩储层中发现了丰富的油气资源。鄂尔多斯盆地中—古生界发育大型浅水三角洲沉积,结合岩芯、测井、分析化验等资料,对盆地西部地区山1—盒8段浅水三角洲的母岩特征、沉积充填、砂体展布与储层岩石学特征进行研究,为研究区常规砂岩储层和致密砂岩油气勘探提供地质依据。分析表明,研究区南部和北部砂岩重矿物组合相似,以锆石和白钛矿为主。综合La/Yb-REE与Dickinson三角图解、稀土元素配分模式和碎屑锆石定年分析认为,北部物源主要来自盆地西北部阿拉善古陆太古界和元古界花岗岩、片麻岩、石英砂岩,向南影响到陇东地区北部;南部物源主要来自盆地南部北秦岭地区太古界、元古界花岗岩、片麻岩和片岩,向北影响陇东地区中南部。山1段发育曲流河三角洲,盒8段发育辫状河三角洲,孤立型与垂向叠置型水下分支河道砂体是主要的砂体类型。盒8段沉积时期,古湖泊可能萎缩;南北物源形成的三角洲在研究区中部环县东南一带交汇混合。砂岩类型主要为岩屑质石英砂岩、石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,结构成熟度中等—较差。砂岩成岩改造强烈,水—岩反应复杂,压实作用是储层致密化的主因,多期胶结作用使砂岩的孔喉结构变得十分复杂。孔隙类型以微米—纳米级的岩屑溶蚀孔、剩余粒间孔和高岭石晶间孔为主,整体上属于非常规致密砂岩储层。砂体分布与“甜点”预测是研究区致密油气勘探的关键。     

滑坡碎屑化运动物理模型相似材料特性研究

高速远程滑坡物理模型试验中,岩石相似材料的选择是模型试验成功的关键,然而目前滑坡相似材料强度高、难以在缩尺试验中模拟滑坡破碎过程。以重晶石、石英砂为骨料,石膏为胶结剂,羧甲基纤维素钠、甘油、水作为辅助材料,进行可破碎岩石相似材料的配比试验。采用控制变量法研究重晶石与石英砂比例（重石比）、骨料与胶结物比例（骨胶比）、羧甲基纤维素钠含量、拌合水量、甘油含量对相似材料物理力学性质的影响。试验结果表明:所有配比情况下各相似材料物理力学参数的范围分别为单轴抗压强度为0.12～1.47 MPa,弹性模量为25.51～148.12 MPa,黏聚力为1.63～87.39 kPa,内摩擦角为22.70°～35.89°,脆性指标主要分布在0.033～0.145之间;重石比主要控制岩石相似材料的内摩擦角;骨胶比减小,对应的黏聚力和内摩擦角先增大后减小;羧甲基纤维素钠对材料的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、黏聚力等材料的力学特性以及材料的脆性指标影响均比较大,其中对单轴抗压强度的影响最大。因此,控制羧甲基纤维素钠和拌合水量的含量,并合理调节重石比与骨胶比,在相似比约为1∶600的试验尺度下,最终确定了适用于高速远程滑坡碎屑化过程模拟的低强度高脆性岩石相似材料的配比区间。     

东天山云海铜镍矿地球化学特征及成因分析

云海铜镍矿位于觉罗塔格构造带西段,成矿岩体为多期次侵入的杂岩体,岩体分异演化充分,镁铁质和超镁铁质岩石均有发育,主要岩石类型为角闪辉石岩、橄榄苏长岩、辉长岩、闪长岩。主量元素化学组成表明,该杂岩体属拉斑玄武岩系列,岩石具同源演化特征,显示高铁、高镁、低钛、低铝特征,富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,亏损Nb,Ta,轻稀土富集。岩浆源区有部分熔融而交代的岩石圈地幔,岩浆在上升过程中受到地壳物质混染,发生橄榄石、斜方辉石、斜长石的分离结晶。岩体形成于早二叠世,为构造活动和地幔柱双重作用下的产物。     

微束分析测试技术十年(2011~2020)进展与展望

现代地球科学研究的重大突破在很大程度上取决于观测和分析技术的创新。新世纪以来,我国地球科学领域引进了一批高性能新型微束分析仪器设备,建立了一批高规格的实验室。本文回顾了近十年来微束分析技术与方法的主要进展及其在地球科学研究中的应用实例,包括电子探针、扫描电镜、透射电镜、大型离子探针、纳米离子探针、飞行时间二次离子质谱、激光剥蚀等离子体质谱、激光诱导原子探针、原子探针技术、显微红外光谱、同步辐射等,这些分析技术的进步和广泛应用极大地提高了我们对地球和行星演化历史及许多地质过程的理解。今后,应加快微束分析的新技术、新方法和新标准的开发,特别是高水平人才队伍建设,提高创新能力并在国际学术舞台上发挥重要作用。     

Dissolution characteristics of deep?buried dolostone in the Member 5 of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in southern Ordos Basin

The different types of deep-buried dissolution process in the Member 5 of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the southern Ordos Basin and its influence on the reservoir properties are studied in this paper. It shows that three types of mechanisms include organic acid fluid, hydrothermal fluid and TSR are identified through studies of core observation, thin section analysis, inclusion temperature, trace elements and rare earth elements. It is found that the dissolution of organic acid fluid causes the stratified dissolution pores, film-like asphaltene and ring-like asphaltene, while hydrothermal fluid causes the non-selective dissolution pores without petrofabric, veins of pyrites, massive pyrites and the association of hypothermal minerals. Four occurrence models of dissolution include, (1) the deep-buried dissolution of low-temperature hydrothermal fluid occurs in Zhiluo Period of Middle Jurassic; (2) the deep-buried dissolution of organic acid fluid started from the late Middle Jurassic followed by the first hydrocarbon injection; (3) the deep-buried dissolution of middle-high temperature hydrothermal fluid occurred in the Dongsheng Period of Early Cretaceous; (4) TSR occurred at the end of Early Cretaceous with the second larger hydrocarbon injection. Both organic acid fluid and hydrothermal fluid can improve the porosity and permeability of reservoir, but the hydrothermal fluid is more effective than that of organic acid fluid.     

新元古代微生物成锰作用——来自扬子北缘城口地区陡山沱组锰质叠层石的证据

叠层石菱锰矿被认为是生物成锰的证据,但少见相关报道.扬子北缘城口地区陡山沱组菱锰矿层中叠层石十分发育,但研究程度较低,其生长机制不明确,其是否是叠层石或者是附枝藻(Epiphyton)仍具有争议.从岩心描述与薄片观察出发,详细描述了研究区锰质叠层石的宏观和微观特征,根据其发育规模及形态特征将其划分为6种类型:微型分叉柱状叠层石、微型指状叠层石、指状叠层石、层状叠层石、柱状叠层石及层—柱状叠层石.研究表明,研究区柱状锰质叠层石直径一般小于l cm,具同步生长特征,与假裸枝叠层石(Pseudogymnosolenaceae)特征相似.研究区微小型、宏体型叠层石基本层常呈有立柱结构的板状,这种基本层由树形石及微型叠层石组成,而不是附枝藻.叠层石与核形石、鲕粒共生,形成于碳酸盐岩台地边缘礁滩及滩后泻湖环境.研究区锰质叠层石垂向演化从指状向层状演化为主,指示陡山沱组沉积末期水体逐渐变浅.锰质叠层石微观结构以凝块结构为主,具有丝状、球状和放射状等微生物岩显微结构.锰质叠层石记录了碳酸锰精美的原始沉积结构,暗示微生物参与了锰元素的沉积成矿作用.     

1990—2018年长沙市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

评估生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values,ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益的大小,对城市生态规划与土地利用管控起到重要的支撑作用。选择长沙市为研究区域,基于1990、2000、2010和2018年4期土地利用现状遥感监测数据集,利用ArcGIS软件和经本地化校正的当量因子法,分析1990—2018年间的土地利用变化特征,并探讨土地利用变化对ESV的影响。结果表明: ①1990—2018年长沙市土地利用变化轨迹以耕地→林地互相转化以及建设用地对耕地、林地的侵占为主; ②1990—2018年长沙市的ESV共减少53.17×10⁸ 元,降幅3.59%,除水域外各类ESV均呈下降趋势,林地和耕地服务价值减少最明显; ③在各单项服务功能中,水文调节的价值最大,其次是气候调节,两者之和占总价值的54%; ④“退耕还林”“退田还湖”“兴工强市”等政策引起的土地利用变化势必对ESV造成影响,城市快速扩张、土地开发会导致ESV不断下降。综合分析认为,在调整研究区土地利用结构、优化土地配置时应充分重视水域、林地等生态系统服务价值较高的土地利用类型,减缓ESV的下降趋势。     

气候变化情景下澜沧江流域极端洪水事件研究

以澜沧江流域为研究对象,基于ISIMIP2b协议中提供的GFDL-ESM2M、HadGEM2-ES、IPSL-CM5A-LR、MIROC5这4种全球气候模式,通过4种模式的输出数据耦合VIC模型,分析4种模式在历史时期（1961—2005年)对洪峰洪量极值(年最大洪峰流量、3 d最大洪量)、极端洪水的模拟能力,比较RCR2.6和RCP6.0两种情景下未来时期（2021—2050年)年均径流量较基准期（1971—2000年)的变化情况,并结合P-III型分布曲线预估了澜沧江流域在两种情景下未来时期极端洪水的强度变化情况。结果表明：VIC模型在该流域能够较好地模拟极端洪水;HadGEM2-ES和MIROC5两种气候模式的输出数据在澜沧江流域有较好的径流模拟适用性;在RCP2.6情景下,澜沧江流域未来时期年均径流量没有明显变化,可能会有略微的增加,而在RCP6.0情景下,未来时期年均径流量有较大可能增加;澜沧江流域未来时期极端洪水较基准期,在RCP2.6情景下无明显变化,而在RCP6.0情景下,洪峰、洪量增加的可能性较大,极端洪水频率和强度也较大可能增加。