Quantitative analysis of riverbank groundwater flow for the Qinhuai River,China, and its influence factors

Interactions of surface water and groundwater (SW–GW) play an important role in the physical, chemical, and ecological processes of riparian zones. The main objective of this study was to describe the two‐dimensional characteristics of riverbank SW–GW interactions and to quantify their influence factors. The SW–GW exchange fluxes for six sections (S1 to S6) of the Qinhuai River, China, were estimated using a heat tracing method, and field hydrogeological and thermodynamic parameters were obtained via inverse modelling. Global sensitivity analysis was performed to compare the effects of layered heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity and river stage variation on SW–GW exchange. Under the condition of varied river stage, only the lateral exchange fluxes at S1 apparently decreased during the monitoring period, probably resulting from its relatively higher hydraulic conductivity. Meanwhile, the SW–GW exchanges for the other five sections were quite stable over time. The lateral exchange fluxes were higher than the vertical ones. The riverbank groundwater flow showed different spatial variation characteristics for the six sections, but most of the higher exchange fluxes occurred in the lower area of a section. The section with larger hydraulic conductivity has an apparent dynamic response to surface water and groundwater level differences, whereas lower permeabilities severely reduced the response of groundwater flow. The influence of boundary conditions on SW–GW interactions was restricted to a limited extent, and the impact extent will expand with the increase of peak water level and hydraulic conductivity. The SW–GW head difference was the main influence factors in SW–GW interactions, and the influence of both SW–GW head difference and hydraulic conductivity decreased with an increase of the distance from the surface water boundary. For each layer of riverbank sediment, its hydraulic conductivity had greater influence on its groundwater flow than the other layers, whereas it had negligible effects on its overlying/underlying layers. Consequently, the variations in river stage and hydraulic conductivity were the main factors influencing the spatial and temporal characteristics of riverbank groundwater flow, respectively.     

张强凹陷长北背斜生油岩有机地球化学特征

张强凹陷长北背斜侏罗系上统有沙海组和九佛堂组两套生油合系，其有机质丰度属中等，沙海组生油岩多为腐泥腐殖型．地球化学分析表明，沙海组下段的生油岩处于低熟—成熟阶段，该地区各层原油主要来源于侏罗系上统沙海组下段生油岩．     

DZW型微伽重力仪弹性系统的设计

论述了ＤＺＷ型微伽重力仪弹性系统中有关参数的计算以及弹簧材料的选择、加工与处理。     

断层相互作用的初步讨论

给出了半无限介质中任意倾角的多个已发震矩形断层对邻近任意倾角的潜在活断层共同作用的合应力的解析表达式，从而可以计算震后合应力的调整值，为判断潜在活断层的稳定性提供依据。合应力Ｓｒ中既包括了作用在断层面上的正应力，又包括了断层面上的剪应力，它比单独用一个应力描述应力场更有效。最后，用１９７３年２月６日炉霍地震后的实际震例说明了地震断层错动对周围孕震区的触发作用     

近50年湖南省雷暴气候特征分析

根据湖南省74个地面气象站1961-2010年的雷暴日资料,利用数理统计、小波分析及Mann-Kendall检验等方法,对近50年雷暴气候特征进行分析.结果表明：1）湖南省雷暴日数空间分布特征为南部多、北部少,最大值出现在南部山地（65.38 d/a）,最小值出现在北部平原（21.92 d/a）,月平均雷暴日呈单峰值分布,3-9月为雷暴高发期;2）湖南省年平均雷暴日数存在8、16、24和30 a的周期变化规律,其中8 a周期振荡最显著;3）多雷期和少雷期的差异主要表现在副热带高压西伸脊点的位置以及青藏高原短波槽的位置和强弱上.     

Near-surface air temperature lapse rate in a humid mountainous terrain on the southern slopes of the eastern Himalayas

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Based on climatic data from 18 stations on the southern slopes of the eastern Himalayas in Bhutan for the period from 1996 to 2009, this paper investigates...     

多旋翼微型无人机气象探测适用性分析

本文通过多种试验对多旋翼无人机搭载微型气象探测设备进行低空温湿度探测和数据传输进行了适用性分析。结果表明,采用433 MHz无线透传的数据通讯方式数据传输稳定性较好,选用的微型气象探测设备温湿度传感器通过了实验室计量检定,与百叶箱温湿度的对比观测中二者一致性较好;无人机在单纯悬停过程中,温湿度观测与对比观测设备误差较小,相关性较好;在低空连续飞行过程中,温湿度观测结果与探空仪观测结果具有较好的一致性(温度平均绝对误差0.84℃,相对湿度平均绝对误差4%),但存在温湿度小脉动变化无法捕捉的情况,可能与设备温湿度响应时间、通风防辐射罩结果、飞行速度等有关。     

Response of vegetation NDVI to climatic extremes in the arid region of Central Asia: a case study in Xinjiang,China

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Observed data showed the climatic transition from warm-dry to warm-wet in Xinjiang during the past 30 years and will probably affect vegetation...     

Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains in the past half-century: Based on the revised First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory

Glaciers are the most important fresh-water resources in arid and semi-arid regions of western China. According to the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (SCGI), primarily compiled from Landsat TM/ETM+ images, the Qilian Mountains had 2684 glaciers covering an area of 1597.81±70.30 km2 and an ice volume of ~84.48 km³ from 2005 to 2010. While most glaciers are small (85.66% are <1.0 km²), some larger ones (12.74% in the range 1.0–5.0 km²) cover 42.44% of the total glacier area. The Laohugou Glacier No.12 (20.42 km²) located on the north slope of the Daxue Range is the only glacier >20 km² in the Qilian Mountains. Median glacier elevation was 4972.7 m and gradually increased from east to west. Glaciers in the Qilian Mountains are distributed in Gansu and Qinghai provinces, which have 1492 glaciers (760.96 km²) and 1192 glaciers (836.85 km²), respectively. The Shule River basin contains the most glaciers in both area and volume. However, the Heihe River, the second largest inland river in China, has the minimum average glacier area. A comparison of glaciers from the SCGI and revised glacier inventory based on topographic maps and aerial photos taken from 1956 to 1983 indicate that all glaciers have receded, which is consistent with other mountain and plateau areas in western China. In the past half-century, the area and volume of glaciers decreased by 420.81 km² (–20.88%) and 21.63 km³ (–20.26%), respectively. Glaciers with areas <1.0 km² decreased the most in number and area recession. Due to glacier shrinkage, glaciers below 4000 m completely disappeared. Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains presented a clear longitudinal zonality, i.e., the glaciers rapidly shrank in the east but slowly in the central-west. The primary cause of glacier recession was warming temperatures, which was slightly mitigated with increased precipitation.