Combined impact of climate change,cultivar shift,and sowing date on spring wheat phenology in Northern China

Distinct climate changes since the end of the 1980s have led to clear responses in crop phenology in many parts of the world. This study investigated the trends in the dates of spring wheat phenology in relation to mean temperature for different growth stages. It also analyzed the impacts of climate change, cultivar shift, and sowing date adjustments on phenological events/phases of spring wheat in northern China (NC). The results showed that significant changes have occurred in spring wheat phenology in NC due to climate warming in the past 30 years. Specifically, the dates of anthesis and maturity of spring wheat advanced on average by 1.8 and 1.7 day (10 yr)^?1. Moreover, while the vegetative growth period (VGP) shortened at most stations, the reproductive growth period (RGP) prolonged slightly at half of the investigated stations. As a result, the whole growth period (WGP) of spring wheat shortened at most stations. The findings from the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM)-Wheat model simulated results for six representative stations further suggested that temperature rise generally shortened the spring wheat growth period in NC. Although the warming trend shortened the lengths of VGP, RGP, and WGP, the shift of new cultivars with high accumulated temperature requirements, to some extent, mitigated and adapted to the ongoing climate change. Furthermore, shifts in sowing date exerted significant impacts on the phenology of spring wheat. Generally, an advanced sowing date was able to lower the rise in mean temperature during the different growth stages (i.e., VGP, RGP, and WGP) of spring wheat. As a result, the lengths of the growth stages should be prolonged. Both measures (cultivar shift and sowing date adjustments) could be vital adaptation strategies of spring wheat to a warming climate, with potentially beneficial effects in terms of productivity.     

The strong El Niño of 2015/16 and its dominant impacts on global and China's climate

The oceanic and atmospheric conditions and the related climate impacts of the 2015/16 ENSO cycle were analyzed, based on the latest global climate observational data, especially that of China. The results show that this strong El Niño event fully established in spring 2015 and has been rapidly developing into one of the three strongest El Niño episodes in recorded history. Meanwhile, it is also expected to be the longest event recorded, attributable to the stable maintenance of the abnormally warm conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean since spring 2014. Owing to the impacts of this strong event, along with climate warming background, the global surface temperature and the surface air temperature over Chinese mainland reached record highs in 2015. Disastrous weather in various places worldwide have occurred in association with this severe El Niño episode, and summer precipitation has reduced significantly in North China, especially over the bend of the Yellow River, central Inner Mongolia, and the coastal areas surrounding Bohai Bay. Serious drought has occurred in some of the above areas. The El Niño episode reached its peak strength during November-December 2015, when a lower-troposphere anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevailed over the Philippines, bringing about abnormal southerlies and substantially increased precipitation in southeastern China. At the same time, a negative phase of the Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern dominated over the mid-high latitudes, which suppressed northerly winds in North China. These two factors together resulted in high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and frequent haze weather in this region. Currently, this strong El Niño is weakening very rapidly, but its impact on climate will continue in the coming months in some regions, especially in China.     

基于地形图的大比例尺DEM精度检查技术

大比例尺DEM成果精度检查是数据质量检查的核心内容,如何全面核查DEM成果精度、快速发现粗差区域对于指导DEM数据生产、提高成果质量有重要意义。结合武汉市大比例尺DEM数据生产及检查工作现状,提出以全要素地形图为基础,采用基于FME的高程信息提取模型和DEM精度检查模型,通过ArcGIS模板和Python自动化处理脚本对DEM成果精度进行检查分析和统计的处理技术。试验结果表明,该方法能提高DEM成果精度检查分析的效率和质量,可广泛应用于DEM数据生产实践。     

略论渔业资源学的数学化趋势

本文主要从渔业资源学中数学方法的应用起源，渔业资源评估学，数量分类学，统计生态学，种群营养动力学等数学分支在渔业资源中的应用发展及其动因分析等几个方面论述了渔业资源学的数学化趋势。     

应用非平衡产量模型对卡塔尔渔业的分析

剩余产量模型是鱼类种群动力学的主要模型之一。本文应用 1个非平衡产量模型分析了卡塔尔渔业。结果表明当前鱼类生物量是最大持续产量时生物量的 1/4,当前捕捞死亡率是最大持续产量时捕捞死亡率的 2倍。经估算最大持续产量是 782 6t( 80 %置信区间为 6767～ 7993t) ,最佳捕捞努力量是 2 4 8艘船 ( 80 %置信区间为 2 2 5～ 2 86艘 )。     

溴素的有机化学 Ⅳ．单取代苯甲酸多溴代芳酯的合成

报导合成了四种新的单取代苯甲酸多溴代芳酯：４－溴苯甲酸－２＇，４＇，６＇－三溴苯酯，双（４－溴苯甲酸）－２＇，３＇，５＇，６＇－四溴－１＇，４＇－苯二酯，双（４－羟基苯甲酸）－２＇，３＇５＇，６＇－四溴－１＇，４＇－苯二酯和双（２－羟基苯甲酸）－２＇，３＇，５＇，６＇－四溴－１＇，４＇－苯二酯。     

大眼金枪鱼的资源现状

大眼金枪鱼的分布很广 ,在南、北纬 4 0°以内的太平洋、印度洋和大西洋均有分布 ,是金枪鱼渔业的重要捕捞种类之一。本文分别论述了大眼金枪鱼在大西洋、印度洋和太平洋的渔业概况、生物学特性、资源状况和管理对策。     

Estimation of land surface evapotranspiration over complex terrain based on multi‐spectral remote sensing data

Land surface evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in energy and water balances. ET can significantly affect the runoff yield of a basin and the available water resources in mountainous areas. The existing models to estimate ET are typically applicable to plains, and excessive data are required to calculate the surface fluxes accurately. This study established a simple and practical model capable of depicting the surface fluxes, while using relatively less parameters. Considering the complex terrain, solar radiation was corrected by importing a series of topographic factors. The water deficit index, a measure of land surface wetness, was calculated by applying the f_c (vegetation fractional cover)‐T_rad (land surface temperature) framework in the two‐source trapezoid model for evapotranspiration model to mountainous areas after corrections of temperature based on altitude variations. The model was successfully applied to the Kaidu River Basin, a basin with few gauges located in the east Tien Shan Mountains of China. Based on the time scale extensions, ET was analyzed at different time scales from 2000 to 2013. The results demonstrated that the corrected solar radiation and water deficit index were reasonably distributed in space and that this model is applicable to ungauged catchments, such as the Kaidu River Basin.     

《工程地质分析原理》课程的教学实践与思考

地质学基本理论和应用技术构建而成的《工程地质分析原理》课程,以工程稳定性岩体为主讲对象,以国家建设和国民经济发展需求为目标,通过基础理论、基本概念和技术方法的讲授和实践训练,为国家培养高质量的有用人才。多年教学实践表明,该门课程基本概念多,涉及知识面宽,其工程过程和机制分析要求教师讲解逻辑慎密,并具有三维空间思维,因而教学难度较大。通过教学改革和长期的教学实践与不断总结,取得了如下教改体会：（1）与时俱进,坚持教学改革。结合现状,循序渐进,改革不合理的课程内容与教学方法,补充必要的新理论、新技术、新方法,完善课程内容与教学方法。（2） 突出重点,兼及其他。重点讲解工程地质领域的基本理论,也适当介绍和分析所涉及的人文现象与环保问题。（3）理论联系实际。工程地质基本理论的教学必须紧密联系实际,授课中应该适当增加工程案例的介绍,增强学生的感观认识。（4）教学方法以课堂讲授为主,辅以工程现场的课间实习以及学生的专题研讨,据此提高师生的互动性,激发学生的创造性思维。（5）课程考核采用理论知识笔试与实践动手能力相结合的计分法。教学实践表明,我们采取的这些教改措施是行之有效的,提高了教学质量,得到了同学们的普遍欢迎。