Adsorbed silica in stalagmite carbonate and its relationship to past rainfall

Despite considerable work on other trace elements, the incorporation of dissolved silicon from cave waters into speleothems has not been previously investigated. In this study, the controls on dissolved Si in cave waters and on adsorbed Si in resulting speleothems are therefore investigated. Bedrock (dolomite), soil water, dripping water, and cave carbonates were retrieved from Heshang Cave situated in the central Yangtze valley of China and were subjected to analysis of dissolved Si content (plus accompanying Ca and Fe analyses). Soil waters have Si/Ca of 45.5 mmol/mol, compared to only 3.2 mmol/mol in the dolomite bedrock, demonstrating that >80% of the dissolved Si must come from dissolution of silicate minerals in the soil. Drip waters have a dissolved Si concentration of ≈4.2 μg/mL, similar to that in the overlying soil water. Actively growing cave carbonates have a Si/Ca of 0.075 mmol/mol suggesting a partition coefficient for incorporation of dissolved silicon of 0.0014, in good agreement with previous laboratory studies. Extrapolating the results of these laboratory studies to the cave environment suggests that changes in Si/Ca in cave carbonates are likely to be primarily controlled by changes in drip-water Si/Ca. The drip-water Si/Ca will, in turn, be controlled by the rate of wind-blown silicate supply; by soil weathering rates; by rainfall dilution; and by precipitation of calcite. The general expectation is that these effects combine to produce high Si/Ca in speleothems during times of low rainfall. A δ¹⁸O record from a Heshang Cave stalagmite which grew between 20 and 11 thousand years ago allows these controls to be tested. Correlation of high Si/Ca with high δ¹⁸O demonstrates that regional rainfall exerts significant (but not complete) control on speleothem Si/Ca. With further understanding, speleothem Si/Ca may provide a proxy for past rainfall to complement existing proxies such as δ¹⁸O and Mg/Ca.     

青藏高原气象学的研究进展和问题

分高原天气学、高原气候学、高原及邻近地区的大气环流、以及高原数值预报和模拟四方面简要回顾了新中国成立以来我国（也兼及国外）青藏高原气象学的主要进展，也提出今后研究中应注意的有关问题。     

宁夏短期天气预报业务流程

介绍了以宁夏ＭＯＳ预报结果为基本指导产品、结合宁夏气象业务具体情况、通过二次开发建立在微机上的新型短期天气预报业务流程。该流程的建立,使宁夏短期天气预报人员基本摆脱了传统的纸上作业而转向新型的计算机预报平台,使宁夏短期天气预报的自动化水平上了一个新台阶。     

珠江流域实际蒸散发与潜在蒸散发的关系研究

采用水量平衡模型和Penman公式分别计算了珠江流域七个子流域1961—2000年实际蒸散发(I_(ETa))和潜在蒸散发(I_(ETp)),并对供水条件变化下I_(ETa)与I_(ETp)的关系进行了定量化分析,对各子流域I_(ETa)和I_(ETp)关系的理论从属性进行判定,主要结论如下:1)珠江流域年实际蒸散发量远低于潜在蒸散发量,多数子流域I_(ETa)值不到I_(ETp)值的1/2。7个流域面积加权平均I_(ETa)为681.4 mm/a,I_(ETp)为1 560.8 mm/a。从蒸散发的变异性来看,则实际蒸散发I_(ETa)的变异性明显要高于潜在蒸散发I_(ETp)。2)东江、西江、北江、柳江和盘江等5个流域实际蒸散发I_(ETa)都与降水量呈现正相关关系,韩江、郁江两个流域I_(ETa)随降水变化的变化趋势不明显。各子流域的潜在蒸散发I_(ETp)与降水量呈现显著负相关关系。7个子流域平均情况下,随着降水量的增加,I_(ETa)呈现明显的增加趋势,而I_(ETp)呈现明显的下降趋势。3)通过对降水量P与实际蒸散发I_(ETa)及潜在蒸散发I_(ETp)的联合回归方程P-IET回归系数的T检验,判定韩江、柳江和盘江等三个子流域以及七流域面积加权平均I_(ETa)与P和I_(ETp)与P的关系满足理论意义上的严格互补相关;东江、西江、北江等三个流域I_(ETa)与P和I_(ETp)与P的关系满足"非对称"互补相关。4)基于极端干旱和极端湿润的边界条件,推导出非对称条件下的实际蒸散发互补相关理论模型。     

江汉盆地大型富锂卤水矿床成因与资源勘查进展:综述

古近纪时期,华南江汉盆地的潜江凹陷和江陵凹陷发育盐湖,沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩,并形成和储藏了富锂、钾、铷、铯、溴、碘等元素的卤水资源,这些元素含量达到工业品位或综合利用品位;富锂卤水属于深层地下卤水型锂矿资源,镁锂比值低,是非常优质的锂资源。本文总结了江汉盆地大地构造特征、火成岩及古气候背景,论述了古盐湖沉积岩相特征、富锂卤水水化学、分布及储层特征、卤水中锂的来源与富集机理、卤水型锂矿成矿模式以及富锂卤水勘查与开采技术进展,提出了卤水开发利用中存在的问题和解决途径。江汉盆地富锂卤水成因包括:古盐湖锂可能主要来自高温水岩反应产生的富锂热液流体的补给;在干旱的气候下,古湖水不断蒸发浓缩,导致卤水中锂浓缩富集;在盐湖演化末期,逐渐埋藏的盐类晶间富锂卤水被转移至裂隙、砂岩及玄武岩储层中储集;在较高的地热背景值下,埋藏卤水与储层岩石可能发生水岩反应,进一步促进了卤水中锂的富集。江汉盆地深层卤水初步勘查显示,氯化锂资源量已达到大型工业规模,展示了巨大的资源潜力。此外,卤水锂开采技术已基本形成,建议进一步加强富锂卤水的绿色开发技术研究,制定相关勘查开发规范。     

Characteristics of dry-wet abrupt alternation events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin and the relationship with ENSO

During recent decades, more frequent flood-drought alternations have been seen in China as a result of global climate change and intensive human activities, which have significant implications on water and food security. To better identify the characteristics of flood-drought alternations, we proposed a modified dry-wet abrupt alternation index (DWAAI) and applied the new method in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB-ML) to analyze the long-term spatio-temporal characteristics of dry-wet abrupt alternation (DWAA) events based on the daily precipitation observations at 75 rainfall stations in summer from 1960 to 2015. We found that the DWAA events have been spreading in the study area with higher frequency and intensity since 1960. In particular, the DWAA events mainly occurred in May and June in the northwest of the YRB-ML, including Hanjiang River Basin, the middle reaches of the YRB, north of Dongting Lake and northwest of Poyang Lake. In addition, we also analyzed the impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on DWAA events in the YRB-ML. The results showed that around 41.04% of DWAA events occurred during the declining stages of La Niña or within the subsequent 8 months after La Niña, which implies that La Niña events could be predictive signals of DWAA events. Besides, significant negative correlations have been found between the modified DWAAI values of all the rainfall stations and the sea surface temperature anomalies in the Nino3.4 region within the 6 months prior to the DWAA events, particularly for the Poyang Lake watershed and the middle reaches of the YRB. This study has significant implications on the flood and drought control and water resources management in the YRB-ML under the challenge of future climate change.     

夏季西北干旱气候形成的数值模拟——高原地形和环流场等的影响

为了进一步检验和修改本文部分作者先前初步提出的影响夏季西北干旱气候形成的因子及如何相互作用形成西北干旱气候的物理图像,本文继续用一全球大气环流谱模式,设计了5组试验,利用ECMWF 的格点分析值资料,进行了数值模拟。结果表明,青藏高原隆升和环流差异是形成西北干旱气候的重要因子,已提出的西北干旱气候形成的物理图像大体是正确的。     

浙江干旱特征及其与区域气候变化关系

应用干旱综合指数对浙江自1952年以来的干旱年代际变化特征进行研究,用小波分析方法对50多年来的夏秋季降水、气温进行分析.研究指出:浙江发生强干旱往往会连续两年出现;在20世纪50、60年代及21世纪以来浙江干旱强度比较强,强干旱的发生与夏季气温偏高、降水偏少是同步的;70年代末气候发生突变,浙江从干旱期转入湿润期,21世纪以来,气候有一次小振动,浙江由湿润期转入干旱多发.     

江陵凹陷古新统光卤石的发现及其钾盐找矿意义

通过薄片鉴定和XRD等分析,在江陵凹陷古新统发现光卤石矿物,单层厚度达23cm,经化学分析该层含光卤石石盐岩中光卤石含量为1.6%。光卤石在江陵凹陷古新统有两种产出状态:一种是被包裹在石盐岩内,呈颗粒状分布,粒度大小0.1~0.5mm;另一种是充填硬石膏孔隙中,粒度大小0.1~0.2mm。经石盐包裹体测温、碳氧同位素和元素地球化学研究,确定了江陵凹陷古新统时期的古气候属于"暖旱"型。江陵凹陷古近纪时期属于裂谷型小盆地,构造期沉降较大,盆地封闭性良好,同时期火山活动频繁,为凹陷带来丰富的成矿物质,火山期后的温热泉水补给同样也为凹陷带来丰富的成矿物质;裂谷的某些部分与大洋沟通,接受海水补给。这样的构造条件、物质条件与古近纪时期的干旱气候相互耦合,出现光卤石沉积。江陵凹陷古新统光卤石发现,说明在该时期江陵凹陷卤水已演化到析出钾盐阶段,具有重要找钾指示意义。     

浙东南石平川花岗岩体LA ICP MS锆石U Pb年代学及构造意义

石平川钾长花岗岩体位于浙江沿海火山岩带的中南部,LA-ICPMS锆石UPb定年结果为102.5±1.2 Ma（MSDW=2.1）,形成于早白垩世末期。岩相学及化学成分显示其属高钾钙碱性岩系,具有高硅富钾和铝低铁、镁、磷和钛特征,SiO2含量为74.79%～77.79%,K2O为4.26%～7.97%,铝指数A/CNK=0.98～1.10,属准铝质—弱过铝质岩石。富集Rb、Th、U和K,亏损Sr、Ba、Nb、P和Ti,REE具有中等负Eu异常（Eu/Eu*=0.33～0.50）,总体呈现LREE富集的右倾“V”型配分模式。岩石\[n（87Sr）/n（86Sr）\]i值为0.70801～0.71012（t=102.5Ma）,εNd（t）值为-8.63～-8.76,显示壳—幔混合成因特征。矿物组成及地球化学特征显示石平川岩体为高演化I型花岗岩。微量元素显示石平川岩体具有后碰撞花岗岩的特征,侵位于早白垩世末期的张性构造环境,其形成可能与印度板块北向漂移所导致的古太平洋板块碰撞弧后引张构造有关。