基于Stewart模型改进方案的新疆降水同位素的云下蒸发效应比较

干旱半干旱区降水稀少,蒸发能力大,雨滴在云下易发生蒸发现象并改变其同位素比率,明确雨滴降落过程中稳定氢氧同位素的变化在同位素水文学研究中具有重要意义。Stewart模型常被用于评估雨滴中同位素比率的变化,云下雨滴降落过程中的气温、相对湿度等是模型输入的关键参数。目前广泛采用的大气均质假设往往与自然条件有差异,这种均质假设对模拟结果产生的影响有待明确。基于2016年7月至2017年6月新疆66个地面气象站逐小时观测资料与8个探空站的高空定时观测资料,通过三种Stewart模型算法方案（方案①以地面气象资料代替大气气象参数,方案②假设地面气象资料与预测的云底气象参数均匀变化,以其平均值代入模型,方案③根据高空探测资料,分层计算大气参数）的对比,深入研究新疆降水同位素的云下二次蒸发效应。结果表明：（1）三种方案计算的新疆各分区云下二次蒸发存在明显的季节差异,蒸发剩余比（f）均呈现出秋冬较大、春夏较小的趋势,各分区的ΔδD、Δδ¹⁸O和Δd均为春夏较大、秋冬较小。（2）从空间来看, Δd均值在准噶尔盆地西部和塔里木盆地东侧北缘较小。对于蒸发剩余比（f）均值、ΔδD均值、Δδ¹⁸O均值和Δd均值来说,三种方案的差异性主要体现在塔里木盆地。（3）蒸发剩余比（f）与d-excess的变化量存在相关性,整体来看,三种方案的斜率均表现为塔里木盆地 > 阿尔泰山地 > 准噶尔盆地 > 天山山地。无论是新疆各分区（除天山山地方案②）还是新疆全境,三种方案的f与Δd的线性关系均>1.0‰/%,最为干旱的塔里木盆地方案③的斜率高达1.496‰/%,这可能与新疆地处干旱半干旱气候区有关。毋庸置疑方案③是后续云下二次蒸发效应研究的方向。     

“一带一路”倡议背景下甘肃省城市化效率与经济发展水平时空耦合关系研究

"一带一路"倡议提出与建设为中国西部地区发展带来重大机遇。甘肃是"一带一路"倡议的重要区域。本文利用DEA模型、熵权法对甘肃省14个地州市2004年、2008年、2012年和2016年四个节点时间的城市化效率、经济发展水平进行了度量。并利用耦合度模型对两者之间的耦合协调度进行了时空分析,研究结果表明,甘肃省城市化效率在2004-2016年间处于波动中提升状态,且总体效率较低,甘肃省城市化效率值（0.441）远低于全国平均值（0.740）;2004-2016年甘肃省经济发展水平稳中有升,但与全国比较劣势明显,且省域内部经济发展差距显著;研究期内,甘肃省城市化效率与经济发展耦合协调度均处于波动上升状态,耦合度由中强度发展为高强度耦合,协调度由濒临失调发展为勉强协调。省内14个地区,嘉峪关、兰州、金昌和酒泉在四年间始终处于高水平耦合与协调状态,张掖、白银等余下十个地区的耦合协调度也由中低水平发展为中高水平,说明各地区城市化效率与经济发展水平的耦合协调度相对较好。     

干旱区融雪径流模拟的研究进展与展望

融雪径流模拟是干旱区水文水资源研究的热点问题,对干旱区春季融雪洪水风险评估和流域水资源管理至关重要。结合文献查询及资料分析,重点讨论了不同类型融雪径流模型的特征和发展情况,比较了不同融雪径流模型在干旱区一些典型河流的应用情况,并对其功能及优缺点进行了评估。结合对目前流域融雪径流模拟研究中存在的问题的分析,提出未来融雪径流模拟要注重提高数据分辨率的观点。借助多源遥感数据驱动获取更为精确的输入数据,在数据获取难度减小、精度提高的基础上山区融雪径流模拟将更多地以基于能量平衡的物理性模拟为主。模型的构建要充分考虑由气候变暖所带来的其它参数的变化,精确描述山区融雪过程,以提高对融雪径流的模拟精度。     

Assessment of meteorological disasters based on information diffusion theory in Xinjiang,Northwest China

Data of flood, drought, hailstorms, and low temperature events in Xinjiang from 1949 to 2012 were analyzed with the diffusion method to assess the risk of the most common types of disasters in Xinjiang. It was proved that the frequency and intensity of meteorological disasters of the study area showed an increasing trend associated with global warming. Among the four types of disasters, surpass probability of drought was the largest, followed by hailstorm, low temperature and flood in turn. Moreover, the wavelet method analysis revealed that greater oscillations had occurred since 2000, which may be associated with the occurrence of extreme climatic changes. The spatial distribution of frequencies reveals that the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains is a multiple disaster area, the southern slope of Tianshan is the area where more floods and hailstorms occur, and the west of Turpan-Hami Basin is the area wind is prevalent. The relationships between disaster-affected areas and corresponding meteorological and socio-economic indexes were also analyzed. It indicated that there were significant positive correlations between the areas affected and the most meteorological and socio-economic indicators except the grain acreage.     

Hydrology and water resources variation and its response to regional climate change in Xinjiang

Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-term trend and jump point of time series, the surface runoff, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Meanwhile, the paper analyzed the relationship between runoff and temperature and precipitation, and the flood frequency and peak flow. Results showed that climate of all parts of Xinjiang conformably has experienced an increase in temperature and precipitation since the mid-1980s. Northern Xinjiang was the area that changed most significantly followed by southern and eastern Xinjiang. Affected by temperature and precipitation variation, river runoff had changed both inter- annually and intra-annually. The surface runoff of most rivers has increased significantly since the early 1990s, and some of them have even witnessed the earlier spring floods, later summer floods and increasing flood peaks. The variation characteristics were closely related with the replenishment types of rivers. Flood frequency and peak flow increased all over Xinjiang. Climate warming has had an effect on the regional hydrological cycle.     

Ecological water demand of natural vegetation in the lower Tarim River

We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture, groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China, by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots. It is noted that groundwater depth, soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related. It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas. Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth, the total ecological water demand (EWD) of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108 m3 in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Analyzing the monthly EWD, we found that the EWD in the growth season (from April to September) is 81% of the year’s total EWD. The EWD in May, June and July was 47% of the year’s total EWD, which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water. This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin.     

伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布

结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算.研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同.在0～50 cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤.除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含最基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的,变化趋势.有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低.伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性.     

Distribution of soil organic carbon under different vegetation zones in the Ili River Valley,Xinjiang

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.     

陕西潼关县金矿矿区周边农田土壤重金属生态健康风险评价

为了解潼关金矿矿区早期粗放式的矿业活动对矿区周边农田土壤的重金属污染状况的影响以及对暴露人群的不良健康效应的评价,采用地质调查工程选取了矿区附近6块农田土壤为研究对象,通过X射线荧光光谱分析法测定了68个土壤样本中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等8种土壤重金属含量,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和...     

陕西商洛“6.30”强冰雹过程环境条件及雷达特征分析

利用地面加密资料、多普勒雷达观测资料、ERA5（0.25°×0.25°）逐小时再分析资料,对2022年6月30日出现在陕南东部的一次极端强冰雹天气过程的环境条件及雷达特征进行了分析。结果表明：高空冷涡后部偏北气流带动高层干冷空气南下,叠加在低层西南暖湿气流之上,造成强的位势不稳定层结,为强对流天气发生提供了有利的背景条件。较强的低层水汽输送及辐合、强的对流有效位能、适宜的0 ℃和-20 ℃等温线高度、0～6 km中等强度的垂直风切变为冰雹天气发生提供了有利的环境条件,中高层冷空气及地面冷池触发了强对流天气的发生。适宜的冷暖云厚度有利于雹粒的增大;强的上升气流有利于小雹粒在丰富的过冷水中循环增长。基本反射率因子图上有三体散射,最强反射率因子达65 dBz以上,剖面图上有低层弱回波区、中高层回波悬垂,50 dBz以上的强回波核心位置超过-20 ℃层等温线高度。基本速度图上有中气旋特征,回波顶高对对流发展和减弱有一定指示意义。VIL跃增20 kg/m-2以上对冰雹天气预警有一定的提前量。