河川径流的灰色拓扑预测研究——以新疆阿克苏河为例

根据阿克苏河流域内出山口水文站1957～2006年的径流实测资料,利用数理统计、Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验及小波分析等方法对径流年际变化特征进行了分析。研究发现,阿克苏河年径流量具有相对稳定且振荡上升的趋势,年际变化小;  径流序列在1993年发生突变,径流量呈现出显著增加趋势,且通过了α=0.05的显著性水平检验;  丰、枯水周期变化存在着25a左右的主周期,丰水年发生在20世纪90年代后期,且大量连续出现,最长持续时间达7年,枯水年多以连续2年的形式出现,平水年年数占52％。运用灰色拓扑预测方法对突变前后两个径流时间序列分别进行了模拟和预测,模拟结果的平均相对误差仅为12.06％,且位于同一突变区间的精度达97.7％,预测未来几年阿克苏河年径流量存在上升趋势,但趋势不显著。     

新疆伊犁河流域气候变化(英文)

In this paper, the monthly precipitation and temperature data collected at 7 stations in the Ili River Basin from 1961 to 2007 were analyzed by means of simple regression analysis, running mean, db6 wavelet function and Mann-Kendall test. This study revealed the characteristics of climate change and abrupt change points of precipitation and temperature during different time scales in the Ili River Basin within the past 50 years. The results showed that the precipitation increased from the mid-1980s until 2000 and has continued to increase at a smaller magnitude since 2000. Over the studied period, the precipitation increased significantly during the summer and winter months. The temperature increased greatly in the late 1980s, and has continued to show an increasing trend from the year 2000 to present. The temperature increases were most significant during the summer, autumn and winter months. In terms of different geographies, the temperature increase was significant during the winter in the plains and hilly regions; the increase was also significant during autumn in the intermontane basins. The climate change trends in the Ili River Basin were consistent with the changing trends of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the plateau monsoon.     

西北干旱区气候变化对水文水资源影响研究进展

西北干旱区是对全球变化响应最敏感地区之一,研究分析全球变暖背景下的西北干旱区水资源问题,对应对和适应未来气候变化带来的影响具有重要意义。本文通过对西北干旱区气候变暖影响下的水资源形成、转化与水循环等关键问题最新研究成果的总结分析,得出如下结论：(1) 西北干旱区温度、降水在过去的50年出现过“突变型”升高,但进入21世纪,温度和降水均处于高位震荡,升高趋势减弱;(2) 西北干旱区冬季温度的大幅升高是拉动年均温度抬升的重要原因,而西伯利亚高压活动和二氧化碳排放是引起冬季升温的重要影响因素;(3) 西北干旱区蒸发潜力在1993年出现了一个明显的转折变化,由显著下降逆转为显著上升的趋势。气候变暖、蒸发水平增大对西北干旱区生态效应的负作用已经凸显;(4) 西北干旱区冰川变化对水资源量及年内分配产生了重要影响,部分河流已经出现冰川消融拐点。在塔里木河流域,冰川融水份额较大 (50%),可能在未来一段时期,河川径流还将处在高位状态波动。全球气候变暖在加大极端气候水文事件发生频率和强度的同时,加剧了西北干旱区内陆河流域的水文波动和水资源的不确定性。     

塔里木河中下游荒漠河岸林植被对地下水埋深变化的响应

结合塔里木河中下游74 个植被样地和74 眼地下水位监测井(2005-2007 年) 数据, 将 地下水位按不同埋深划分为0~2 m, 2~4 m, 4~6 m, 6~8 m, 8~10 m 和>10 m 6 个梯度, 对不同地下水埋深下的群落盖度、物种多样性进行了分析, 并探讨了主要植物种分布频率与地 下水埋深的关系。结果表明： 在地下水位2~4 m 时, 物种多样性最高, 其次为4~6 m, 再次为0~2 m; 当地下水位在6 m 以下时, 物种多样性锐减。塔里木河中下游主要植物最适宜水位在2~4 m 之间; 这些植物能够正常生长的地下水埋深区间为3~6 m。这表明, 塔里木河下 游植被恢复的地下水位应确保达到6 m 以上。     

臭氧卫星观测资料同化系统构建及其试验研究

为检验臭氧卫星资料同化对臭氧分析场和预报场的影响,基于集合平方根滤波(ENSRF)理论,结合通用地球系统模式(CESM),构建了CESM-ENSRF同化预报系统。系统构建过程考虑了卡尔曼滤波同化中的关键问题:利用全场随机扰动对初始场加扰,结合一般协方差膨胀和松弛协方差膨胀方法实现协方差膨胀,使用五阶距离相关函数进行协方差局地化。将构建的系统用于微波临边探测器(MLS)臭氧廓线数据的同化,分析臭氧卫星资料同化对模式预报的影响。结果表明:构建的CESM-ENSRF同化系统有效实现了臭氧资料同化,臭氧卫星资料同化对臭氧分析场和预报场精度有较大改进。     

Climatic change of inland river basin in an arid area: a case study in northern Xinjiang, China

We examined climate variability at two timescales for northern Xinjiang, China: one is of the past 500?years using dendrochronology data and the other is of the past 50?years using meteorological station data. The regression models built from the 50-year period were used to reconstruct the climate of the 500-year period. The results indicate that climate underwent many alternating warm–cold and wet–dry periods in the past 500?years. For the 50-year period, we applied the Mann–Kendall jump test to data from 48 meteorological stations to identify possible transition points of temperature and precipitation. For this period, we also analyzed the impacts of latitude, altitude, slope aspect, and human activities on climate variability, aiming to recognize major factors that influence regional climate variability. The results show a warming and wetting trend in the recent 50?years in northern Xinjiang. We determined that natural pattern variability is dominant in the long-term climate variability in the region, but human impacts are non-negligible in the past 50?years. Regional climate variability may be associated with or driven by latitude, altitude, ecosystems, topography, and human activities. The study provides an empirical evidence of the unique regional characteristics of inland river basin in an arid area over the global climate change background.     

An integrated statistical approach to identify the nonlinear trend of runoff in the Hotan River and its relation with climatic factors

A number of studies have indicated a transition from warm-dry to warm-wet climate in Northwest China after the 1980s. This transition was characterized by an increase in temperature and precipitation, added river runoff volume, increased lake water surface elevation and area, and elevated groundwater table. However, some literatures showed that the Hotan River has presented a contrary situation, i.e. the runoff decreased, whereas temperature and precipitation increased. In order to discover the nonlinear runoff trend and its causes in the Hotan River, based on the related data from hydrological stations, ground and air sounding meteorological stations, this study applied a comprehensive method combing correlation analysis, wavelet analysis and regression analysis to investigate the runoff change in the Hotan River with its relevant climatic factors over the past decades. The main findings are: (a) the hydrological process of the Hotan River is a nonlinear system, with a periodicity of 24 year cycle, and it shows different nonlinear trends at different time scales; (b) the data from the ground meteorological stations in the Hotan area shows a false appearance that there is almost no correlation between runoff and temperature, and a little negative correlation between runoff and precipitation; (c) but the data from air sounding meteorological stations shows the truth that there is a close relation between the runoff in the Hotan River and the 0°C level height in summer on the north slope of Kunlun Mountains. The two variables present a same periodicity, i.e. 24-year cycle, having similar nonlinear trends and significant correlations at different time scales.