Genesis of the Jinchuan PGE deposit, China: evidence from fluid inclusions, mineralogy and geochemistry of precious elements

Summary The Jinchuan deposit is a platinum group element (PGE)-rich sulfide deposit in China. Drilling and surface sampling show that three categories of platinum group element (PGE) mineralization occur; type I formed at magmatic temperatures, type II occurs in hydrothermally altered zones of the intrusion, and type III in sheared dunite and lherzolite. All ore types were analyzed for Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt and Au, as well as for Cu, Ni, Co and S. Type I ore has (Pt + Pd)/(Os + Ir + Ru + Rh) ratios of <7 and relatively flat chondrite-normalized noble metal patterns; the platinum group minerals (PGM) are dominated by sperrylite and moncheite associated with chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and pentlandite. Type II has (Pt + Pd)/(Os + Ir + Ru + Rh) ratios from 40 to 330 and noble metal distribution patterns with a positive slope; the most common PGM are sperrylite and Pd bismuthotelluride phases concentrated mostly at the margins of base metal sulfides. Type III ores have the highest (Pt + Pd)/(Os + Ir + Ru + Rh) ratios from 240 to 710; the most abundant PGM are sperrylite and phases of the Pt–Pd–Te–Bi–As–Cl system. It is concluded that the Jinchuan deposit formed as a result of primary magmatic crystallization followed by hydrothermal remobilization, transport, and deposition of the PGE.     

Quantification of electrical resistance to estimate NaCl behavior in a column under controlled conditions

Accurate prediction of solute transport processes in surface water and its underlying bed is an important task not only for proper management of the surface water but also for pollution control in these water bodies. Key issue in this task is an estimation of parameters as diffusion coefficient and velocity for solute transport both in water body and in the underlying bed. This estimation would greatly help us to understand the deposition and release mechanism of solute across the water-bed interface. In this study, a column experiment was conducted in laboratory to estimate the velocity and diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water body and underlying sand layer (bed). The column used with a diameter of 30 cm and a height of 100 cm, was filled with sand at the lower half part and water at the upper half part. Total 64 stainless steel electrodes were installed on its surface around. The sodium chloride solution was injected from the top of the column, and electrical resistance between electrodes was monitored for 71 h. Then the dimensionless resistance breakthrough curve was fitted with one dimensional analytic solution for solute transport and the related diffusion coefficient and velocity parameters were estimated. The results show that the NaCl transport velocity was high in the water body but extremely low in the underlying sand layer (bed). The diffusion coefficient estimated in sand layer coincides with those reported well. This indicates that the electrical resistance based solute transport parameter estimation method is not only effective but also has an advantage of multipoints monitoring. This is useful both in mapping solute transport parameter for solute transport process analysis and in providing parameter input for solute transport numerical modeling.     

西准噶尔恰达地区哈尔加乌组火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及地质意义

恰达地区的二叠系哈尔加乌组火山岩分布于唐巴勒蛇绿岩带东侧、准噶尔盆地西南缘,主要岩性为灰绿色-紫红色(气孔)(杏仁)玄武岩-玄武安山岩-安山岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(296.6±8.1) Ma,MSWD=7.7(93%置信度),时代属早二叠世。地球化学研究表明:该火山岩属亚碱性系列,全碱含量较高(w(Na₂O+K₂O)=3.95%~6.39%)且相对富钠。轻稀土(LREE)相对富集((La/Yb)_N=3.49~14.66)且分馏较好((La/Sm)_N值均大于1.00(1.68~3.51)),重稀土分馏较差((Gd/Yb)_N=1.38~2.56)。仅部分样品有微弱的负铕异常(δEu=0.88~1.15)。微量元素具有大离子亲石元素(LILE)相对富集,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta相对亏损,Zr、Hf轻微富集的特征。综合火山岩的地球化学特征,结合相关构造判别图解及火山岩所处的区域地质背景,认为哈尔加乌组火山岩的形成背景以板内大陆环境为主,兼有部分弧火山岩的特征,形成于俯冲碰撞造山期后的区域伸展背景下,火山岩的岛弧特征是对碰撞前混染弧组分的继承。     

北秦岭榴辉岩Sm-Nd同位素年龄

采自陕豫交界秦岭群中的榴辉岩主要由石榴子石和绿辉石组成，同时还含有少量的角闪石和金红石。本工作由四个单矿物和全岩五个样，测得Sm－Nd等时年龄为400±16Ma，（r＝0．997575），εNd＝十3．6，说明在加里东期北秦岭造山带发生过高压变质事件。     

天然钛榴石的穆斯堡尔谱及晶体化学分析

本文收集了一组钛榴石样品,作了穆斯堡尔谱和化学分析。采用各对应双峰等值限制拟合。拟合结果,统计误差X~2均较小。文中还分析了钛榴石结构的阳离子占位情况,并对其五对双峰谱指派如下:Fe~(3+)在[Y]位和(Z)位,Fe~(2+)在{X}和[Y]位,而另一对双峰指派为Fe~(2+){X}→Fe~(3+)(Z)的电荷离域。从化学分析和穆斯堡尔谱数据求出二种方法Fe~(2+)/∑Fe的差值,说明钛榴石中有Ti~(3+)的存在,用此简便方法估算了Ti~(3+)的含量,得出了四面体中阳离子的占位择优为Fe~(3+)>(Al~(3+),Ti~(4+))的结论。     

Fe3+纳米胶体颗粒的光吸收边蓝移与溶液中Al/Fe比的关系

合成了n（Al）／n（Fe）和碱化度不同的45个聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）样品,进行了光谱分析,结果显示光吸收边蓝移或红移以及Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体纳米胶体颗粒大小分布与溶液的Al／Fe比和碱化度（B=[OH]／[Al＋Fe]）密切相关。电镜观察和电子衍射分析表明：Al（Ⅲ）的加入使Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体纳米胶体颗粒变小、有序度降低是造成PAFE光吸收边蓝移和保持胶体颗粒在亚稳定状态下存在的重要原因。当n（Al）／n（Fe）〉8：2后,PAFC溶液中Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体胶体主要以〈10m的纳米颗粒形态存在,对应的光谱能级提高到26000cm^-1以上,且各种曰值下Fe^3＋的光谱能级趋于一致。这表明,在大量Al（Ⅲ）存在条件下,PAFE中Fe3^＋的所处的化学环境相似。点能谱分析显示,n（Al）／n（Fe）=4：6的样品中颗粒物的化学计量比最接近AlOOH,FeOOH,溶液的稳定性最差。     

Spatial prediction of soil water content in karst area using prime terrain variables as auxiliary cokriging variable

In karst areas, accurately measuring and managing the spatial variability of soil water content (SWC) is very critical in settling numerous issues such as karst rocky desertification, ecosystem reconstruction, etc. In these areas, SWC exhibits strong spatial dependence, and it is a time and labor consuming procedure to measure its spatial variability. Therefore, estimation of this kind of soil property at an acceptable level of accuracy is of great significance. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the spatial estimation of SWC by using ordinary kriging (OK) and cokriging (COK) methods with prime terrain variables, tending to predict SWC using limited available sample data for a 2,363.7 km² study area in Mashan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Southwest China. The measured SWC ranged from 3.36 to 26.69 %, with a mean of 17.34 %. The correlation analysis between SWC and prime terrain variables indicated that SWC showed significantly positive correlation with elevation (r is 0.46, P < 0.01), and significantly negative correlation with slope (r is ?0.30, P < 0.01); however, SWC was not significantly correlated with aspect in the study area. Therefore, elevation and slope were used as auxiliary data together for SWC prediction using COK method, and mean error (ME) and root mean square error were adopted to validate the prediction of SWC by these methods. Results indicated that COK with prime terrain variables data was superior to OK with relative improvement of 28.52 % in the case of limited available data, and also revealed that such elevation and slope data have the potential to improve the precision and reliability of SWC prediction as useful auxiliary variables.     

红土型金矿床的地质特征、成矿条件及找矿评价标志

红土型金矿是８０年代新发现的金矿类型，它可分为初生型和改造型两类。矿床规模大，矿体成层状、似层状和透镜体，产状平缓。矿石呈松散状，品位低，金主要呈次显微状或微粒状的游离自然金存在，其沉淀富集主要发生在地下水流动带。形成红土型金矿的条件为：相对稳定的地质区及地台区，存在含金矿源体，古气候为热带雨林和热带稀树干草原气候，准平原及低山丘陵地貌，找矿评价标志为：发育红土型风化壳是找矿前提，金矿源体存在是找矿基础，化探异常、红土发育区残留的“硅帽”及红土化剖面中的铁质带为重要的找矿标志，网纹状红土下面的高岭土层为矿体顶板的标志层，砂金为指示其上游红土发育区可能存在红土型金矿的标志     

西藏拉琼锑金矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

正拉琼锑金矿床位于措美县西约17 km,大地构造位于青藏高原南部的特提斯喜马拉雅构造带东段,地处于印度河—雅鲁藏布江缝合带(IYZS)与藏南拆离系(STDS)大断裂之间。由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞之后,导致印度洋持续扩张,造成印度大陆不断向北挤压,形成喜马拉雅造山带(尹安,2000),该地区近东西向的断裂自北而南依次     

皖南花山锑金矿床硫化物电子探针分析及其指示意义

花山锑金矿床位于皖南东至县境内, 是皖南地区代表性金-多金属矿床之一。 本次工作对花山锑金矿床开展了野外地质、岩相学特征观察以及金属硫化物电子探针分析, 得到以下结论：1） 花山锑金矿床主要成矿阶段可分为毒砂-黄铁矿（PyⅠ）阶段、黄铜矿-黄铁矿 （PyⅡ）阶段和方解石-辉锑矿阶段。 2） 金在不同阶段硫化物中均有赋存, 其矿化伴随整个热液成矿过程, 且以毒砂-PyⅠ阶段和黄铜矿-PyⅡ阶段为主。 毒砂-PyⅠ阶段和黄铜矿-PyⅡ阶段发育金矿化, 无锑矿化, 方解石-辉锑矿阶段发育锑、金共生矿化。 3） 早阶段即毒砂 -PyⅠ阶段和黄铜矿-PyⅡ阶段载金矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂及黄铜矿, 成矿物质来源以地层为 主;晚阶段即方解石-辉锑矿阶段载金矿物为辉锑矿, 成矿物质来源以燕山期岩浆岩为主。 本次工作对东至及皖南地区金矿床的寻找勘探具有重要的指示意义。