CINRAD-SA偏振雷达定量降水估测算法改进及应用评估

为了提高雷达定量降水估测的精度,建立一套高精度的双偏振雷达定量降水估测方法,并对其在业务应用中的表现进行评估。本文利用雨滴谱仪数据使用非球形粒子的散射模型（T-Matrix模型）进行不同偏振量的模拟计算,根据计算结果对实测雨滴谱数据（DSD）进行分类拟合,实现对CSU-HIDRO（Colorado State University-Hydrometeor Identification Rainfall Optimization）优化降水估测算法的改进。为了评估改进后CSU-HIDRO优化算法（简称CSU-HIDRO_I）的应用效果,本文选取2016～2017年两年汛期发生于中国华南地区的6次大范围强降水过程为评估对象,分别采用单偏振雷达定量降水估测的R(Z_H)关系法（WSR-88D Precipitation Processing System,简称PPS法）和CSU-HIDRO_I法进行小时降水量估测。按照不同降水率大小以及距离雷达20～60 km和60~100 km范围分别对两种降水估测方法进行评估,并将雷达估测的小时降水量同地面雨量计小时降水量资料进行对比,结果表明:（1）CSU-HIDRO_I法在应用评估过程中取得了较好的评估效果,其估测精度及稳定性均较好。（2）PPS法对小雨（降水率R<2.5 mm/h）存在一定的高估,对大雨及暴雨（R>8 mm/h）存在明显低估,而CSU-HIDRO_I法能够有效的降低强降水的低估情况,同时提高了小雨的估测精度。与PPS法相比,CSU-HIDRO_I法对小雨、中雨、大雨及暴雨的估测偏差分别降低了38%、24%、17%、15%。（3）PPS法在降水估测中对离雷达的距离更为敏感,相同降水率下不同距离处的相对误差波动较大,CSU-HIDRO_I法对距离敏感性较弱,相同降水率强度下,相对误差随距离的变化波动较小。     

Analysis of the Spectral Characteristics of Triggered Lightning

The spectra with wavelength range of 390 nm to 660 nm of triggered lightning were observed in Guangdong Area using a slitless spectrograph. The characteristics of the lightning spectra during the initial continuous current and return strokes were analyzed, and the differences between the metal section and air section of the lightning channel were compared. The results showed that the metal spectra were contained in the metal section during the initial continuous current. As for the lightning channel of the return strokes, the line spectra for both the metal section and the air section were identical; neither of the two sections contained the metal spectra, but the relative intensity of its emission spectrum was different. Owing to different radiation mechanisms, the spectral structures and luminance of the two sections were not the same. Combined with the current data, it was found that there was a good positive correlation between the total spectral strength and the transferred charge. The total intensity of the lightning channel spectrum increased with the height of the channel, indicating that the radiation sequence of the lightning channel was different. High temporal resolution observations showed that the spectral line duration could be divided into three categories, in which the lines with higher excitation energy appear first and decay rapidly, while those with lower excitation energy appear later but last longer.     

Hydrogeochemical Evolution Along Groundwater Flow Paths in the Manas River Basin,Northwest China

The impacts of long-term pumping on groundwater chemistry remain unclear in the Manas River Basin, Northwest China. In this study, major ions within five surface water and 105 groundwater samples were analyzed to identify hydrogeochemical processes affecting groundwater composition and evolution along the regional-scale groundwater flow paths using the multivariate techniques of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) and traditional graphical methods for analyzing groundwater geochemistry. HCA classified the groundwater samples into four clusters (C1 to C4). PCA reduced the dimensionality of geochemical data into three PCs, which explained 86% of the total variance. The results of HCA and PCA were used to identify three zones: “recharge,” “transition,” and “discharge.” In the recharge zone the groundwater type is Ca-HCO₃-SO₄ and is primarily impacted by the dissolution of calcite and silicate weathering. In the transition zone the groundwater type is Ca-HCO₃-SO₄-Cl and is impacted by rock dissolution and reverse ion exchange. In the discharge zone the groundwater type is Na-Cl and is impacted by evaporation and reverse ion exchange. In addition, anthropogenic activities impact the groundwater chemistry in the study area. The groundwater type generally changes from Ca-HCO₃-SO₄ in the recharge area to Na-Cl in the discharge area along the regional-scale groundwater flow paths. This study provides a process-based knowledge for understanding the interaction of groundwater flow patterns and geochemical evolution within the Manas River Basin.     

甘肃省暖季小时降水变化特征

利用2013-2019年暖季（4-9月）小时降水资料,分析了甘肃省强降水极值及频率的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）甘肃省小时强降水频次呈现东高西低分布,在陇南地区东南部及陇东地区北部有2个高中心,达到29次。（2）小时强降水极值在陇中地区及以南地区高,向西北递减,陇南地区降水极值最高,超过40 mm/h。（3）小时强降水频次主要出现在7-8月,同期的雨强也最大;小时强降水频次和小时雨强均在17-24时最强,峰值为21时。（4）不同区域的降水日内变化存在明显差异,河西地区小时降水频次的峰值出现在18时,陇中和陇南地区均出现在21时,陇东地区和甘南高原分别出现在22时和19时。     

中国冬季气温变化的空间模态及其与大尺度环流异常的联系

分析了近55 a来中国冬季气温变化特征及其与大尺度环流异常的关系,结果显示：1) 中国冬季气温变化有两个主要空间模态,第一模态表现为20世纪80年代中期以后全国一致变暖;第二模态表现为80年代以后东北、西北地区冬季气温升高,而西南、华南地区气温降低。2) 西伯利亚高压变化与中国冬季气温变化的第一模态关系密切,当西伯利亚高压偏强时,我国大部分地区气温偏低,反之亦然。3) 北极涛动（AO）与冬季气温变化的第二模态关系密切,它与中国冬季气温相关最显著的区域主要在东北和西北地区,当AO为正位相时,上述区域气温往往偏高。     

论黄河泥沙的综合开发利用

黄河泥沙资源丰富。如何处理黄河泥沙,历来是黄河治理开发的大事。该文结合黄河下游山东、河南两省的实际情况,在论证综合开发利用黄河泥沙的可能性、技术支撑、市场需求、法制环境等基础上,提出了淤改涝洼地、制造墙体材料、复垦采煤塌陷区等综合利用黄河泥沙的建议。     

The research on the remote sensing''s information tree model of the Nansha coral islets and reef''s spatial structure

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Mercury distribution in the Jiaozhou Bay

The Jiaozhou Bay is a semi-enclosed bay, Qingdao, China. More than 10 rivers enter the bay, of which most take wastes from industrial and household discharges. According to historical seasonal investigations in May, August, November 1979, the content, distribution, and development of heavy metal mercury are analyzed as a historical reference. Water samples were taken from the surface and bottom. The results revealed clear seasonal and regional changes in both horizontal and vertical directions, and close relation with major discharging rivers and plankton production. The seawater was polluted more seriously in spring than in any other seasons. However, it was the cleanest in winter during which least waste was input with low plankton production. According to historical data, the state of mercury pollution in seawater was worsening in the period, and has been improving in recent years. Terrestrial contamination was the main reason for mercury pollution in the bay.     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗阿木伊勒特铜、铅、锌矿地质、物、化、遥特征及找矿方向

在朝不楞——梨子山成矿带的西延部分,华力西晚期第三次花岗岩侵入到下泥盆统砂岩、板岩中.外接触带上出现1∶20万化探异常,经1∶5万化探查证后得到重现.常规激电中梯扫面没有激电异常显示,无法解释化探异常.换用复电阻率(CR)法做测深,发现低阻高极化体多出现在构造的复合部位.通过遥感资料信息分析本区的构造序次关系,了解了本区的构造时空特征.通过钻探验证,证明低阻高极化体是矿化(体)的反映.进而更加明确控矿因素和找矿方向.