Why do landslides impact farmland abandonment? Evidence from hilly and mountainous areas of rural China

Natural Hazards - In hilly and mountainous areas of China, landslides are a common geological hazard that threatens agricultural production and has a profound impact on farmers’ production...     

三轴应力下饱和水煤岩破裂的声发射特征

在GAW-2000型岩石力学试验系统上进行了煤岩饱和水条件下的三轴压缩应力应变试验及声发射检测。结果表明:不同煤级煤岩有着不同的声发射特征,主要可以划分为3种类型。饱和水煤岩的三轴-声发射试验显示,煤样在线弹性阶段之前声发射事件较少,而之后声发射趋于活跃;单轴与三轴实验对比发现,围压会明显改变半无烟煤煤岩在压密阶段的应变量,而对无烟煤不明显。围压的存在对煤岩变形其他阶段的影响要小于压密阶段。声发射参数振铃率和能量率可以应用于预测最大屈服应力点:半无烟煤煤岩在破坏前兆来临时,振铃率和能量率的频率和幅度均有很大提高,在近最大屈服应力90%左右时,幅度基本维持不变;无烟煤煤岩在破坏前兆来临时,会产生明显的某一突变,频率或幅值上有跳跃或突增。同时,煤岩的声发射特征的方式和差异性与煤岩的物质组成及煤岩演化程度有很大的相关性。     

构造煤与原生结构煤的孔隙结构及吸附性差异

基于晋城和焦作煤样的吸附实验,对比分析了构造煤与原生结构煤的孔隙结构、吸附能力差异及其影响因素。结果表明,与原生结构煤相比,构造煤低温液氮吸附两阶段的拐点相对提前,中值孔径显著偏小,总孔容、微孔-中孔范围内各孔径段孔容以及相应的孔比表面积均要大几到十几倍。构造煤平均孔容具有微孔≈小孔>中孔的特点,原生结构煤却呈中孔>小孔≈微孔的规律,但两类煤体分段孔比表面积比例却不存在实质性差别。同时,构造煤吸附能力显著强于相同煤级的原生结构煤,原因在于构造煤的吸附孔孔容及相应的孔比表面积显著较高。此外,构造动力对煤孔隙结构乃至煤吸附性的改造可能涉及与煤大分子结构相关的微孔层次,有关现象和机理值得进一步深入探讨。     

Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs and Controls of Reservoir Quality: A Case Study of He 8 Sandstones in the Linxing Area,Eastern Ordos Basin,China

Determining the process of densification and tectonic evolution of tight sandstone can help to understand the distribution of reservoirs and find relatively high-permeability areas. Based on integrated approaches of thin section,scanning electron microscopy(SEM), cathode luminescence(CL), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), N_2 porosity and permeability, micro-resistivity imaging log(MIL) and three-dimensional seismic data analysis, this work discussed the reservoir characteristics of the member 8 of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation(He 8 sandstones) in the Linxing area of eastern Ordos Basin, determined the factors affecting reservoir quality, and revealed the formation mechanism of relatively high-permeability areas. The results show that the He 8 sandstones in the Linxing area are mainly composed of feldspathic litharenites, and are typical tight sandstones(with porosity 10% and permeability 1 mD accounting for 80.3% of the total samples). Rapid burial is the main reason for reservoir densification, which resulted in61% loss of the primary porosity. In this process, quartz protected the original porosity by resisting compaction. The cementation(including carbonate, clay mineral and siliceous cementation) further densified the sandstone reservoirs,reducing the primary porosity with an average value of 28%. The calcite formed in the eodiagenesis occupied intergranular pores and affected the formation of the secondary pores by preventing the later fluid intrusion, and the Fe-calcite formed in the mesodiagenetic stage densified the sandstones further by filling the residual intergranular pores. The clay minerals show negative effects on reservoir quality, however, the chlorite coatings protected the original porosity by preventing the overgrowth of quartz. The dissolution of feldspars provides extensive intergranular pores which constitute the main pore type, and improves the reservoir quality. The tectonic movements play an important role in improving the reservoir quality.The current tectonic traces of the study area are mainly controlled by the Himalayan movement, and the high-permeability reservoirs are mainly distributed in the anticline areas. Additionally, the improvement degree(by tectonic movements) of reservoir quality is partly controlled by the original composition of the sandstones. Thus, the selection of potential tight gas well locations in the study area should be focused on the anticline areas with relatively good original reservoir quality. And the phenomena can be referenced for other fluvial tight sandstone basins worldwide.     

重叠区域伪谱法计算非均匀地球介质地震波传播

伪谱法是一种高效、高精度计算非均匀介质地震波传播的数值算法,由于它的微分算子的全局性,一般认为该方法不适于并行计算. 本文介绍了并行计算非均匀介质中地震波传播的重叠区域分解算法,给出了一种基于傅里叶伪谱法的并行算法. 文中给出的算法将介质划分为相互重叠的若干区域,在各个子域上单独求解,利用重叠部分的解的传递,将各个子域连接起来,实现了伪谱法在分布式并行处理机上的计算. 文中给出了一个将二维区域分解的算例,比较了并行算法和整体算法的结果,分析了并行算法的计算精度. 结果表明,并行算法会有效降低计算时间,并且保证计算精度. 该方法在大规模三维非均匀介质的地震波场模拟方面有应用价值.      

Global SH-wavefield calculation for a two-dimensional whole- Earth model with the parallel hybrid PSM/FDM algorithm

We present a parallel hybrid algorithm based on pseudospectral method （PSM） and finite difference method （FDM） for two-dimensional （2-D） global SH- wavefield simulation. The whole-Earth model is taken as a cross section of spherical Earth, and corresponding wave equations are defined in 2-D cylindrical coordinates. Spatial derivatives in the wave equations are approximated with efficient and high accuracy PSM in the lateral and high-order FDM in the radial direction on staggered grids. This algorithm allows us to divide the whole-Earth into sub-domains in radial direction and implement efficient parallel computing on PC cluster, while retains high accuracy and efficiency of PSM in lateral direction. A transformation of moment tensor between 3-D spherical Earth and our 2-D model was proposed to give corre- sponding moment tensor components used in 2-D modeling. Comparison of modeling results with those obtained by direct solution method shows very good accuracy of our algorithm. We also demonstrate its feasibility with a lateral heterogeneous whole-Earth model with localized velocity perturbation.     

基于GIS的1∶5万区调野外空间数据快速采集技术

利用 GIS技术综合多源地学空间信息 ,应用于区域地质调查的重要方面——野外空间数据采集。根据我国 1∶ 5万区调工作流程和数据采集的特点 ,在野外空间数据采集子系统中应用系统工程的思想 ,采用 Map Gis和 Arc View工具型地理信息系统软件 ,进行二次开发 ;从野外空间数据采集的标准化、数据字典、地质观察点定位、空间数据及其相关的属性数据的一体化采集、素描图的绘制等方面加以研制 ,初步实现了 1∶ 5万区调系统中的野外空间数据的可视化快速采集技术 ,并成功地应用于试点区     

云南龙陵地区苏帕河花岗岩形成时代与地球化学特征:泛非运动的岩浆响应

泛非期中酸性岩浆事件影响的时间和空间是国内外地质学家用来确定冈瓦纳范围的重要依据和重要标志之一,也是泛非运动在青藏高原的重要表现形式,发育于云南龙陵地区的苏帕河花岗岩就是其中的酸性岩之一.产于龙陵-瑞丽断裂(简称龙瑞断裂)南东侧的苏帕河花岗岩,其主体岩性为花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩,岩体除了发育一系列北东向狭窄的片理化带之...     

庙岛群岛西部海域表层沉积物常量和稀土元素的分布特征及其物源指示意义

通过对庙岛群岛西部海域表层沉积物常量、稀土元素的系统研究,探讨了表层沉积物元素地球化学特征、控制因素及其物质来源。结果表明,庙岛群岛西部海域表层沉积物常量元素以SiO₂和A1₂O₃为主,SiO₂含量随着沉积物粒径变粗逐渐增大,Al₂O₃含量随着沉积物粒径变细逐渐增大。稀土元素(Rare Earth Element,REE)呈现轻稀土元素(Light Rare Earth Element,LREE)富集、重稀土元素(Heavy Rare Earth Element,HREE)平坦以及中等程度的Eu负异常等特征,轻重稀土分异明显,稀土元素球粒陨石配分曲线与黄河沉积物类似。通过因子分析和相关性分析发现研究区沉积物的元素含量主要取决于陆源碎屑,海洋生物沉积和化学作用对沉积物元素含量有一定的影响,元素含量基本服从粒度控制规律。物源判别结果显示,庙岛群岛西部海域沉积物主要来源于黄河物质和辽河物质,并且从南到北辽河物质的混合比例逐渐升高,黄河物质的混合比例逐渐降低。