A multi‐proxy record of changing environments from ca. 30 000 to 9000 cal. a BP: Onepoto maar palaeolake,Auckland, New Zealand

We present a high‐resolution record of lacustrine sedimentation spanning ca. 30 000 to 9000 cal. a BP from Onepoto maar, northern North Island, New Zealand. The multi‐proxy record of environmental change is constrained by tephrochronology and accelerator mass spectrometric ¹⁴C ages and provides evidence for episodes of rapid environmental change during the Last Glacial Coldest Period (LGCP) and Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition (LGIT) from northern New Zealand. The multi‐proxy palaeoenvironmental record from Onepoto indicates that the LGCP was cold, dry and windy in the Auckland region, with vegetation dominated by herb and grass in a beech forest mosaic between ca. 28 500 and 18 000 cal. a BP. The LGCP was accompanied by more frequent fires and influx of clastic sediment indicating increased erosion during the LGCP, with a mid‐LGCP interstadial identified between ca. 25 000 and 23 000 cal. a BP. Rapid climate amelioration at ca. 18 000 cal. a BP was accompanied by increased terrestrial biomass exemplified by the expansion of lowland podocarp forest, especially Dacrydium cupressinum. Increasing biomass production is reversed briefly by LGIT perturbations which are apparent in many of the proxies that span ca. 14 000–10 500 cal. a BP, suggesting generally increased wetness and higher in situ aquatic plant productivity with reduced terrestrial organic matter and terrigenous detrital influx. Furthermore, conditions at that time were probably warmer and frosts rare based on the increasing importance of Ascarina. The subsequent early Holocene is characterised by podocarp conifer forest and moist mild conditions. Postglacial sea‐level rise breached the crater rim and deposited 36 m of estuarine mud after ca. 9000 cal. a BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

稀土元素指标δCe－ΣREE对沉积相的指示研究

通过对内蒙古额济纳盆地小狐山剖面沉积物中酸溶组分稀土元素含量及其相关指标、分布模式的分析,讨论了剖面中稀土元素指标δCe－ΣREE与沉积相、沉积环境之间的关系。分析结果表明剖面沉积物酸溶组分中稀土元素丰度均值为7.24μg/g(不包括Y),其中LREE含量占稀土总量的88.67%; 且各层的稀土分布模式均为轻稀土适度富集缓右倾斜型、Eu呈负异常模式,但各相位地层的LREE富集程度与分配模式存在差异。由于小狐山剖面中沉积地层的自身岩性、沉积粒径、矿物结构组成以及气候环境变化等因素均可能会引起REE分异。因此,通过δCe－ΣREE图并结合三次回归曲线,可以很好地将不同沉积相得物质有效的区分开来。小狐山剖面除极少数的几个样品(水下沉积砂)之外,其余的均落在三次多项式回归曲线上部; 而风成砂层则几乎全部落在回归曲线之下; 此外,对于风沙－河流作用下的混合样品也有较好识别,河流过渡相的样品则分布在曲线上或与之相邻近。此研究结果得到了柴达木贝壳堤沉积物的REE数据的验证,运用此方法可以为直观的判别剖面中的不同沉积相,并为定量化划分地层提供依据。     

海南异常高温的气候特征及其海气背景

分析1961～2001年海南5～7月异常高温频数的气候特征及其影响因子南海海温和北半球500hPa高度场特征,结果表明,5、6月异常高温频数分别存在3馏年和5年左右的显著周期;南海中部海域是影响同期异常高温频数的关键区域;异常高温频数偏多年,欧亚地区500hPa环流特征是中高纬度有阻塞高压存在,西风槽南压,西太平洋副热带高压位置长期偏南、偏西。     

华北一次暴雨过程中潜热对中尺度系统和降水影响的数值研究

针对2005年7月22日的发生于华北的暴雨中尺度对流系统,在用中尺度ARPS模式数值模拟和分析云场、动力场以及微物理过程释放的潜热垂直分布和作用特征的基础上,通过改变主要微物理过程潜热做敏感性数值试验,研究和分析了潜热对云系发展演变、云系宏观动力场、水汽场、云场和降水的影响,总结出云暖区潜热的影响途径。结果表明,在对流云团中,5000 m以上微物理过程起加热作用,以下起冷却作用。不同物理过程潜热加热的云层高度不同:高层起加热作用的主要为水汽凝结、云冰初生和雪凝华增长、霰撞冻云水过程;中层起加热/冷却作用的主要为水汽凝结、霰/雹融化过程;低层雨水的蒸发过程起冷却作用。微物理过程潜热通过影响云系和降水发展过程、云系动力场,进而影响水汽场、云场和降水。忽略霰/雹融化潜热,相当于增加云系暖区潜热,促进了低层气旋性环流的形成,增强了低层动力场的辐合,使得低层辐合区增多、增强;中低层水汽通量辐合区增多、面积扩大,明显地促进了对流云系的发展,增大了含水量和覆盖范围,云系的降水量显著增加,强降水区覆盖范围扩大。即使减少20%的凝结潜热,云系的发展也受到极大抑制,没有气旋性环流生成,低层辐合区缩小、强度降低,水汽通量辐合区也同样缩小、强度降低,云系对流发展减弱、含水量降低,因此,降水量大为减小,降水范围也显著缩小。此外,微物理过程潜热还影响到此次中尺度对流系统发展演变过程,改变了云系的形态、影响到系统的移动和系统中对流云团的发展强度和分布情况。     

青藏高原及周边地区大气水汽资源分布和季节变化特征分析

利用NVAP-M卫星资料和ERA-I再分析资料分析了1979—2008年海南岛夏半季、冬半季和年平均大气可降水量（PW）的时空分布特征及异常年成因。结果表明：海南岛及周围区域PW整体呈现南湿北干分布,有明显地区差异和季节变化。冬半季南海洋面大气可降水量达50 mm,随纬度增加,向北递减,五指山山区为低值中心,夏半季平均PW大于冬半季;海南岛8月平均值最大（55.05 mm）,年变化为一明显单峰结构。近30 a来,海南岛PW呈总体减少趋势,减少率为0.53 mm·（10 a）^-1;夏半季PW干湿异常年水汽通量存在较明显差异,来自孟加拉湾北部和南海的水汽输送及辐合是造成海南岛夏半季干湿年PW异常的关键因素。

     

Decoding Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal events in the Rangnim Massif,North Korea: regional correlation and broader implications

Any knowledge about Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic magmatic and metamorphic events in North Korea has the potential to make a significant difference to our understanding of the early tectonic configuration and evolution of East Asia. This zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic study documents multiple Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal events from the meta-igneous complex in the Machollyong ‘Group’ of the Rangnim Massif. Two tonalitic-trondjemitic gneiss samples record a crystallization age of meta-igneous protoliths at ca. 2.56 Ga and multiple migmatization and metamorphism from 2.52 to 1.85 Ga. A meta-dolerite sample yields a magmatic emplacement age of ca. 1.83 Ga. In situ zircon Hf isotopic data indicate that most zircons from the gneiss samples have ε_Hf(t) values from –16.9 to + 3.1 and crustal model ages from 2.84 to 3.73 Ga, whereas magmatic zircons from the meta-dolerite dike record ε_Hf(t) values from –5.2 to + 5.2 and model ages of 2.05–2.44 Ga. The first-recognized Neoarchaean tonalitic-trondjemitic migmatite complex in the Rangnim Massif, together with previously identified tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) rocks in the Rimjingang Belt and the coeval counterparts in western Gyeonggi massif, represents the oldest crustal nuclei in the Korean Peninsula. The multiple tectonothermal events in this study present reliable evidence not only for attesting to consanguinity of the basement between the Korean Peninsula and the North China Craton but also for defining the influence scope of the late Palaeoproterozoic orogeny in the Korean Peninsula.     

模拟地震波场的伪谱和高阶有限差分混合方法

伪谱法是一种高效、高精度计算非均匀介质地震波传播的数值方法,但是由于它的微分算子的全局性,使得该方法不适用于分散内存的并行计算.本文将有限差分算子的局部性和伪谱法算子的高效、高精度相结合,发展基于两种方法的伪谱/有限差分混合方法.该方法在一个空间坐标方向上利用交错网格高阶有限差分算子,在另外的空间坐标方向上利用交错网格伪谱法算子,既保留了后者的高效、高精度优势,又便于在PC集群上实现并行计算.对二维模型的计算显示,混合方法能有效处理介质不连续面,在保证伪谱法计算精度的情况下,提供了一种并行计算的可能途径.     

华北型煤田岩溶陷落柱侧壁厚壁筒突水模式研究

岩溶陷落柱作为一种特殊地质体,在华北型煤田广泛发育和分布,本文就华北型煤田岩溶陷落柱侧壁厚壁筒突水模式及判据进行了研究,这对华北型煤田煤矿安全生产有着重要意义。     

建筑用途的城市职住空间组织特征研究

针对现有职住空间关系的研究难以在微观维度上有效促进大城市职住功能空间的均衡发展以及规划政策与现状发展存在的时序错位问题,该文以北京市为例,从房屋建筑使用用途的角度切入,运用空间自相关分析模型、热点分析模型和职住用地比三个评价方法,同时借用ArcGIS软件平台进行空间分析与可视化表达,探究北京职住空间在乡镇尺度下的组织特征。研究发现:北京市职住空间表现为聚类分布的空间格局特征,以首都功能核心区为中心,大致呈现出环状圈层分布,北京市职住空间的“热点区”在空间分布上存在差异,而“冷点区”在空间分布上基本相同,职住空间关系存在失衡,与规划目标存在一定的偏差。提出的研究方法从微观维度分析了城市职住空间的组织特征,促进了城市规划与发展时序的有效结合,可在特大城市的职住空间关系的研究中进行推广应用。     

Electron microscopy study of domain structure due to phase transitions in natural perovskite

Transmission electron microscopy on natural calcium metatitanate perovskite (dysanalyte) reveals the following twin laws in the orthorhombic (space group Pbnm) phase: reflection twins on the {110} and {112} planes, and 90° rotation twins about the [001] axis (referred to as [001]_90° twin). Single crystals that were heattreated and quenched from above 1585 K exhibit a dramatic change in domain structure compared with the starting material and specimens quenched from T < 1470=" k.=" mutually=" perpendicular=" {110}=" and=">_90° twins are observed throughout the crystal, forming a cross-hatched domain texture. 1/2[001] antiphase domains, which are very rarely observed in the starting material, also become dominant in the crystal. This change in domain structure is interpreted as due to a structural phase transition in perovskite at a temperature below 1585 K. From the point symmetry elements that describe the twin laws and the translational elements that relate the antiphase domains, the most likely phase near 1585 K is tetragonal with space group P4/mbm. These results are consistent with high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction study. On the other hand, density of the {112} twins is increased significantly in the crystal quenched from 1673 K. Twin domains are either bound by mutually perpendicular {110} and (001) walls, or by {112} walls with {110} twin domains within the polygonal {112} domains. Both twin density variation and domain morphology suggest that the crystal may be cubic at this temperature. Microstructure of a single crystal deformed at 1273 K and 3.5 GPa (within the orthorhombic stability field) is morphologically quite distinct from that of the heat-treated specimens. Dislocations dominate the microstructure and often interact with twin domain boundaries.A National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center