新建建筑物防雷设计技术评价应注意的问题

对新建建筑物防雷设计容易疏忽的一些问题进行分析,并根据相关规定提出了相应的建议。     

Excel在地面气象观测数据整编中的应用

运用Excel具有的数据输入和编辑、公式与函数,对地面气象测报业务软件OSSMO 2004/ReportFile/AIIiii-YYYYMM.TXT中的观测数据进行归类整理。     

Modeling to evaluate the response of savanna-derived cropland to warming–drying stress and nitrogen fertilizers

Many savannas in West Africa have been converted to croplands and are among the world’s regions most vulnerable to climate change due to deteriorating soil quality. We focused on the savanna-derived cropland in northern Ghana to simulate its sensitivity to projected climate change and nitrogen fertilization scenarios. Here we show that progressive warming–drying stress over the twenty-first century will enhance soil carbon emissions from all kinds of lands of which the natural ecosystems will be more vulnerable to variation in climate variables, particularly in annual precipitation. The carbon emissions from all croplands, however, could be mitigated by applying nitrogen fertilizer at 30–60 kg N ha^???1 year^???1. The uncertainties of soil organic carbon budgets and crop yields depend mainly on the nitrogen fertilization rate during the first 40 years and then are dominated by climate drying stress. The replenishment of soil nutrients, especially of nitrogen through fertilization, could be one of the priority options for policy makers and farm managers as they evaluate mitigation and adaptation strategies of cropping systems and management practices to sustain agriculture and ensure food security under a changing climate.     

BALLOON-BORNE MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OVER BEIJING DURING THE SUMMER AND AUTUMN OF 1993

The results of two balloon soundings during the summer and autumn of 1993 from the Xianghe Observation Station are being utilized in a study of the temporal and spatial distribution of the atmospheric aerosols.The balloon,gondola,instrumentation and atmospheric conditions during the observation period are described.The temporal and spatial characteristics of aerosol concentration,size ratio,mixing ratio,and size distribution for both troposphere and strato-sphere are presented and analyzed.     

桂北动物物候气候变暖响应

对桂北地区1989~2007年青蛙、蟋蟀始鸣和终鸣以及气温等气候要素1975~2007年同步观测资料的对比分析结果表明,近10年来桂北地区青蛙和蟋蟀始鸣日期呈提前趋势,终鸣日期稳定,始终鸣间隔期及生长繁殖季显著延长;桂林雁山近34年来年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,特别是1997年以来增温显著,在增温过程中以春季增温为主,冬季和秋季增温次之,夏季呈弱降温趋势;2~4月平均气温和3月平均最高气温是影响青蛙和蟋蟀始鸣期和始终鸣间隔期的主要气候生态因子;动物物候变化是动物对气候变暖的响应。     

我国北方和西南一些地区谷物天气产量变化与大型环流长期振动的分析

本文揭示了我国北方和西南一些粮产区的天气和谷物天气产量存在着60—70年的长期振动,并有特定的大型环流系统的长期振动与之相配合。提出了北方和西南的“环流-天气-天气产量”同步振动模式。简言之,当冬春季节亚欧大陆冷高压偏弱和南印度洋高压偏强,相应地,夏季赤道低压偏弱和西太平洋台风发生数偏少时,我国北方处于多水期、西南处于少水期,北方和西南地区的谷物天气产量偏高。反之,北方处于少水期、西南处于多水期,谷物天气产量偏低。     

Impact of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface on the isolation performance of friction pendulum bearings

A new equivalent center of mass model of FPBs(friction pendulum bearings) is introduced, and based on this model, coefficient j of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface is defined. It is thought in theory that j has a significant impact on the isolation parameter of FPBs, since the equivalent post-yielding stiffness and friction coefficients are not simply determined by sliding radius and sliding friction pairs. The results of numerical simulation analysis using ABAQUS conducted on two groups of FPBs support this viewpoint. For FPBs with the same sliding radius and sliding friction pairs, the FPB modules of structural analysis software such as ETABS could only distinguish the equivalent transformation using j one by one. The seismic response data obtained in a base isolation calculation example of FPBs are very different, which reveals that j's impact on the isolation effectiveness of FPBs cannot be ignored. The introduction of j will help improve the classical structural theory of FPBs and the weak points of structural analysis software based on this theory, which is important in achieving more accurate analyses in structural design.     

低温阴雨对丹东地区粮食作物产量的影响

对丹东地区1978—2015年春季气象资料进行分析,分别从低温、寡照、多雨3个方面研究其对粮食作物造成危害程度的大小,将其划分3个不同的灾害等级。利用拉格朗日插值法计算出作物的期望产量,运用分离法将低温阴雨对粮食作物的损失分离出来,探讨低温阴雨年景与丹东地区粮食作物产量的相关关系。结果表明:(1)丹东地区稻谷、大豆产量都表现出明显的阶段变化。(2)低温型低温阴雨天气对作物的影响为:玉米大豆稻谷;寡照型低温阴雨天气对玉米、稻谷、大豆的影响相对较大,影响力为:大豆玉米稻谷;多雨型低温阴雨天气对玉米和大豆的影响较稻谷大得多。     

中国近海海表温度对气候变暖及暂缓的显著响应

基于多套全球海温再分析数据和2种线性趋势分析方法,评估了1958-2014年中国近海海表温度（SST）的变化及其对全球气候变化的响应特征,并与全球平均地表温度特别是与若干重要海区的SST做了比较。研究表明：在全球变暖的显著加速期（1980年代和1990年代）,中国近海区域年平均SST表现出更快速的升温特征,其速率达0.60℃/10a,是同期全球平均升温速率的5倍以上;在变暖暂缓期（1998-2014年）,中国近海SST出现显著的下降趋势。研究还表明,中国近海区域SST的年代际变化与太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）的位相转换一致,前者SST的快速上升（下降）期与PDO正（负）位相最大值的时期相对应,PDO可能是通过东亚季风和黑潮影响中国近海SST的年代际变化。     

Ekman边界层动力学的理论研究

大气边界层及其与自由大气之间的相互作用具有明显的非线性特征,而这些特征是经典Ekman理论所不能描述的,因此,发展中等复杂程度(介于完全模式与经典Ekman模型之间)的大气边界层动力学模式,简称中间模式,对人们从理论上认识大气边界层动力学过程的非线性特征具有重要意义。本文对目前最具代表性的几个中间边界层模型:地转动量近似边界层模型、Ekman动量近似边界层模型以及弱非线性边界层模型进行了总结和分析,阐述了Ekman层主要动力学特征。通过分析上述各模型的理论框架,揭示了各模型的物理意义及其在描述Ekman边界层基本动力特征上的优点和局限性,并指出尽管在细节定量描述上有差异,但各中间模型对Ekman层动力学特征的定性描述具有很好的一致性。对于这些Ekman边界层近似理论模型的进一步应用问题,主要回顾和总结了利用上述模型探讨地形边界层结构、大气锋生过程、低层锋面结构和环流以及边界层日变化、低空急流形成等动力学问题的研究,并对这些研究所揭示的Ekman层动力学特征及其对自由大气低层运动的影响进行了分析,结果表明,这些Ekman边界层近似模型可以较好地揭示大气边界层动力学特征,在大气边界层动力学及其与自由大气相互作用的研究上具有重要价值。另外,还对目前Ekman边界层理论研究中存在的问题进行了一些分析,提出了有待进一步研究的科学问题。