Impact of soil moisture and winter wheat height from the Loess Plateau in Northwest China on surface spectral albedo

The understanding of surface spectral radiation and reflected radiation characteristics of different surfaces in different climate zones aids in the interpretation of regional surface energy transfers and the development of land surface models. This study analysed surface spectral radiation variations and corresponding surface albedo characteristics at different wavelengths as well as the relationship between 5-cm soil moisture and surface albedo on typical sunny days during the winter wheat growth period. The analysis was conducted using observational Loess Plateau winter wheat data from 2015. The results show that the ratio of atmospheric downward radiation to global radiation on typical sunny days is highest for near-infrared wavelengths, followed by visible wavelengths and ultraviolet wavelengths, with values of 57.3, 38.7 and 4.0%, respectively. The ratio of reflected spectral radiation to global radiation varies based on land surface type. The visible radiation reflected by vegetated surfaces is far less than that reflected by bare ground, with surface albedos of 0.045 and 0.27, respectively. Thus, vegetated surfaces absorb more visible radiation than bare ground. The atmospheric downward spectral radiation to global radiation diurnal variation ratios vary for near-infrared wavelengths versus visible and ultraviolet wavelengths on typical sunny days. The near-infrared wavelengths ratio is higher in the morning and evening and lower at noon. The visible and ultraviolet wavelengths ratios are lower in the morning and evening and higher at noon. Visible and ultraviolet wavelength surface albedo is affected by 5-cm soil moisture, demonstrating a significant negative correlation. Excluding near-infrared wavelengths, correlations between surface albedo and 5-cm soil moisture pass the 99% confidence test at each wavelength. The correlation with 5-cm soil moisture is more significant at shorter wavelengths. However, this study obtained surface spectral radiation characteristics that were affected by land surface vegetation coverage as well as by soil physical properties.     

1988年9月张掖地区的太阳辐射状况的初步分析

1988年8～9月,在河西走廊的化音和张掖地区进行了一次预备性观测实验。本文利用预备观测中所取得的少量资料,分析了干旱地区太阳辐射各个分量和太阳分光谱辐射的一些气候学特征。结果表明:该地区秋季大气透明度较好;光资源充足;兰紫光在总辐射中所占比例较大;地表净辐射具有平原地区的特征,其值介于平原与高原地区之间。     

A Spatial Conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling Method for Mapping Using Ancillary Data

For obtaining maps of good precision by the spatial inference method, the distribution of sampling sites in geographical and feature space is very important. For a regional variable with trends, the predicting error comes from trend estimation, variogram estimation and spatial interpolation. Based on the cLHS (conditioned Latin hypercube Sampling) method, a sampling method called scLHS (spatial cLHS) considering all these three aspects with the help of ancillary data is proposed in this article. Its advantage lies in simultaneously improving trend estimation, variogram estimation and spatial interpolation. MODIS data and simulated data were used as sampling fields to draw sample sets using scLHS, cLHS, cLHS with x and y coordinates as covariates, simple random and spatial even sampling methods, and the distribution and prediction errors of sample sets from different methods were evaluated. The results showed that scLHS performed well in balancing spreading in geographic and feature space, and can generate points pairs with small distances, and the sample sets drawn by scLHS produced smaller mapping error, especially when there were trends in the target variable.     

山东安丘地震台数字化改造

山东省数字化地震前兆台网是全国综合前兆监测实验台网 ,包括电磁、流体、形变等前兆学科多方面的研制开发与推广 ,各种新型仪器采用新技术提高了仪器的观测精度和自动控制功能 ,原有的模拟记录及人工读数模式改为数字化自动采集模式 ,增强了地震监测能力和监控范围。山东省地震局数字化地震前兆台网的建成 ,实现了地震前兆监测的数字化、产出数据的标准化、仪器的智能化和数据传输的网络化。安丘地震台是在山东省前兆数字化台网改造过程中发展起来的新型综合数字前兆台站 ,始建于 1 969年渤海大地震后。距安丘城东 5km,1 991年因扩建 2 0 6…     

TOGA－COARE强化期（IOP）西太平洋海域的辐射特征

该文利用ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥ强化观测期（ＩＯＰ）所获得的辐射观测资料（１９９２年１１月１０日—１９９３年２月１８日），对考察点（２°１５′Ｓ，１５８°００′Ｅ）的辐射分量进行了分析，其中包括总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、海表长波辐射、大气逆辐射、海表反射辐射及其反照率、净辐射及有效辐射。结果表明：和其它地区（如高原）比较，观测点的总辐射、直接辐射均很强；反射率小，晴天平均为０．０４—０．０５，阴天为０．０６—０．０８；海表长波辐射大而日变化小，大气逆辐射强而日变化大；有效辐射小而净辐射大。     

黄河流域“五位一体”综合评价体系建构与空间差异研究

以黄河流域116个地级市为研究单元,建构了由经济、政治、文化、社会和生态等维度构成的“五位一体”综合评价体系。运用组合权重法、加权TOPSIS法对各细分维度和综合发展进行空间差异分析,基于耦合协调模型和空间自相关法对耦合协调性和空间集聚性给予实证研究。结果表明：（1）“五位一体”综合发展在黄河流域呈现东南高、西北低的空间格局,高等、中高等地市多分布于流域东部的山东、河南大部及四川东南部,而流域西北众多地市则因自然环境恶劣、人口分布稀疏、经济基础较差等,综合发展为中等或较低水平。（2）细分维度上,黄河流域各地市间经济维度差距较大,生态维度差距较小。此外,五大细分维度呈现出较大的空间形态差异。（3）协调发展上,黄河流域多数地市“五位一体”耦合程度较低,维度间协调发展潜力较大。（4）空间集聚上,黄河流域各地市在五大细分维度上均存在较强的空间正相关,集聚程度为政治维度>文化维度>社会维度>生态维度>经济维度。     

区域历史人口空间格局精细化重建:方法与实证

以清中期（1736~1820年）苏州府为例,探索历史时期人口空间分布的影响机制,构建历史人口空间分布适宜性计算方法,在2个典型时段（1776年、1820年）重建1 km×1 km空间格网下的人口数据集。研究结果表明:① 在数量上,1776年,苏州府人口总量为511.1万,其中城市人口120.1万,农村人口391.0万;1820年,总人口为590.8万,其中城市168.7万,农村422.1万;城市人口增长速率明显快于农村人口。② 空间格局上,1776~1820年,苏州府中部的吴县、长洲、元和等县人口较为集中,东北部昭文、新阳及中南部吴江、震泽等县较为稀疏,但区域间差异渐趋缩小;人口增长主要集中在城镇区域,较高等级城镇人口集聚特征更为显著。③ 通过与当地历史文献及现代人口格局进行相关性和趋势检验,总体特征、分布趋势和变化特点具有一致性。     

Evolution of the Pearl River and its Implication for East Asian Continental Landscape Reversion

As the link connecting the South China Continent and the northern South China Sea(SCS),the Pearl River is the focus of sedimentology and petroleum geology research.Its evolutionary process and controlling factors are of great significance in revealing the East Asian continental landscape reorganization during the Late Cenozoic.Based on published data,’source-to-sink’provenance analyses allow systematic deliberation on the birth and evolutionary history of the Pearl River.Close to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary,an abrupt shift in the sedimentary composition indicates significant westward and northward expansion of the river’s watershed area,followed by the establishment of a near-modern fluvial network.This sedimentary change generally concurred with a series of regional geological events,including the onset of the Yangtze throughflow,large-scale development of the loess plateau,and formation of the northwestern arid zone and Asian Monsoon system.These major changes in the geology-climate-ecoenvironment system are in close response to the process of the Cenozoic Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau uplift.Consequently,the East Asian continental landscape and most of midCenozoic drainage systems underwent critical reversion into east-tilting,or east-flowing networks.     

Dynamic interaction factor considering axial load

Using the dynamic differential equation of beam and considering the surrounding soil as dynamic Winkler foundation, the simplified dynamic interaction factors of group piles are analyzed with axial load under horizontal harmonic load and horizontal seismic affection. When the axial load was replaced by zero, the expression of dynamic interaction factor would be the same as that deduced by Markris and Gazetas (1992, Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn 21(2):145–162). And under special situation analysis, there would be obvious effect on dynamic interaction factor when the axial load was large. The differences are obvious when considering axial load, and the relative errors would be 14% or greater, so it’s proper to consider axial load when the dynamic interaction factor are calculated.     

水生植物对受污水体净化作用的研究进展

利用水生植物净化水体技术对恢复水体环境具有投资和运行成本低、维护和管理简便、改善景现和生物多样性、回收资源与能源、收获经济作物等优点.本文在阐述水生植物净化水体污染物机理的基础上,综述了近年来国内外出现的主要水生植物净化水体技术:人工湿地、浮岛技术、水生植被的修复和重建等.