Active Characteristics and Paleoearthquakes in the West Kalpin Nappe Since the Holocene,SW Tianshan Mountain

the Kalpin nappe is an important multiple thrust system. It is important to study the Cenozoic tectonic of the Tianshan Mountain. Holocene active characteristics and paleoearthquake of the Kalpin nappe can be used to evaluate the neotectonic of this area. In this paper, we accurately measured the fault scarp in the front of three thrust-fold faults and analyzed paleoearthquake events in the trenches of the Kalpin nappe. Using the ¹⁰Be exposure age, we obtained those geomorphic surface ages and paleoearthquake times. The result showed that the slip rates of the west Kalpintag fault, aozitag fault and the tuoketag fault were 1.45(+1.68/-0.44) mm/a, 0.81(+0.35/-0.19) mm/a and (0.3±0.05) mm/a, respectively since the Holocene. The slip rate indicated that the increased activity transferred from back-row fault to front-row fault and accorded with the piggy-back propagation model in the Tianshan Mountain. Displacements and recurrence intervals of paleoearthquakes was similar to the slip rate characteristics. It also showed paleoearthquakes in the front row fault were stronger than paleoearthquakes of the back row fault. The strong paleoearthquake which caused the highest surface rupture happened in the Kalpintag fault. The interval of paleoearthquakes was about 4 ka and the displacement of every paleoearthquake was about 3 m in the west Kalpintag fault; the interval of paleoearthquakes was about 2 ka and the displacement of every paleoearthquake was about 1m in the aozitag fault; the tuoketag fault ruptured only one paleoearthquake since 7 ka. The Piqiang tear fault was the tectonic result of different shortening rate between the west Kalpin system and the east Kalpin system. The shortening rate of west Kalpin system was obviously stronger than the east Kalpin system. The huge separation distance was near 20 km between the east and the west back-row fault. Because the slip rate of system transferred to the front-row fault in the piggy-back propagation model, the separation distance (~4 km) between the east and the west front-row fault was increasing.     

Using Geomechanical Method to Predict Tectonic Fractures in Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs

Understanding and interpreting the timing, location, orientation, and intensity of natural fractures within a geological structure are commonly important to both exploration and production planning activities of low-porosity and low-permeability carbonate reservoirs. In this study, we explore the application of comprehensive geomechanical methods to quantitatively characterize the fracture parameters based on Strain Energy Density Theory, such as linear fracture density and volume fracture density. This study approach is based on the idea that energy generated by tectonic stress on brittle sandstone,which can be distinguished fracture surface energy, friction energy dissipation and residual strain energy and natural fractures can be interpreted or inferred from geomechanical-model-derived strains. For this analysis, we model an extension and compression compound fault block developed in a mechanically stratified sandstone and shale sequence because mechanics experimental data and drilling data exist that can be directly compared with model results.However, the results show that the approach and our study conclusion are independent of the specified structural geometry, which can correlate fracture parameters in different stages with different tectonic activities, and finally build and visualize fracture networks in sandstone. The presence or absence of filling minerals in fractures is shown to strongly control the destruction and transformation of low-permeability sandstone, and this control possesses crucial implications for interpreting fracture aperture and reservoir flow simulation.     

金川铜镍矿床中新生代抬升冷却过程：来自裂变径迹的证据

本文基于热年代学理论,利用锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹测年数据及对磷灰石热史的模拟,分析探讨金川铜镍矿床在中新生代的抬升冷却过程,认为金川超基性岩体自中生代以来一直处于持续的冷却抬升阶段,且在中侏罗世和晚白垩世早期经历了两期快速的抬升冷却事件,推断此事件与青藏高原后期活动时间相对应,证明金川岩体受到该事件的远程效应波及,致使该矿床遭受了一定的改造。     

大兴安岭北部新林石英二长岩-花岗岩的地球化学特征及其成因

对额尔古纳地块东南部新林镇附近的侵入岩进行了锆石U-Pb年龄测定、Lu-Hf同位素和岩石地球化学研究。结果表明,岩体形成于141.1~123.8 Ma,是早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。新林石英二长岩-花岗岩高硅较富铝贫镁,属于准铝质、高钾钙碱性系列;具有中等-弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.53~0.72),轻重稀土分异比较明显[(La/Yb)_N=12.42~25.38];相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U和LREE,高场强元素Ti、Nb、Ta、P和HREE表现出亏损。新林石英二长岩-花岗岩具有高Sr、低Yb及低Y的特征,且相对富K,属于C型埃达克岩,形成于加厚下地壳的部分熔融。Lu-Hf同位素研究显示其ε_(Hf)(t)为2.1~6.2,二阶段模式年龄(T_(DM2))为1025~786 Ma,认为其岩浆源区为新元古代增生的地壳物质。     

大兴安岭北部额尔古纳地区塔木兰沟组火山岩岩石地球化学特征及成因

额尔古纳地区塔木兰沟组火山岩的岩石地球化学成分显示其以粗安岩为主,少量安山岩和玄武安山岩。该组火山岩SiO_2含量为53.47%~58.50%,全碱含量为[w(K_2O+Na_2O)]4.27%~7.68%,w(MgO)=1.76%~4.03%,Mg~#=0.34~0.51;微量元素分析表明,稀土元素配分模式呈轻稀土富集右倾型,轻重稀土元素分馏较强[(La/Yb)_N=16.35~33.73],富集Rb、Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素(HFSE),Eu负异常不明显(δEu=0.89~0.92)。地球化学等特征表明塔木兰沟组火山岩未经受明显的地壳物质混染,岩浆来源于俯冲流体交代形成的富集岩石圈地幔,经历了以分离结晶作用为主导的演化过程。综合研究认为,额尔古纳地区塔木兰沟组火山岩形成于岩石圈伸展构造环境,与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合后的后造山伸展体制有关。     

内蒙古塔尔气地区中酸性脉岩的地球化学特征及成因

对塔尔气地区中酸性脉岩的地质特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征进行了研究,并讨论了该地区中酸性脉岩的形成时代、成因及构造环境。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,这些中酸性脉岩形成于早白垩世141.4~136.0 Ma和136.5~126.4 Ma两个阶段。其中中性脉岩具有中硅、富碱、准铝质(A/CNK=0.80~0.92)的特点,属于高钾钙碱性准铝质岩石,无Eu负异常;而酸性脉岩则表现出高硅、富碱、弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.03~1.24)的特点,属于高钾钙碱性系列,大多具有明显的Eu负异常。综合区域地质资料分析,塔尔气地区中性脉岩与酸性脉岩可能为两次岩浆事件的产物,形成于伸展构造环境。     

拉萨地块林芝杂岩体石榴角闪岩的地球化学特征和年代学研究

本文对位于青藏高原拉萨地体东南缘林芝杂岩中的两类石榴角闪岩进行了详细的地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。这两类石榴角闪岩分别为硅不饱和的含十字石石榴角闪岩和硅饱和的含石英石榴角闪岩。含十字石石榴角闪岩矿物组合为十字石、石榴子石、角闪石、钠云母、绿泥石、斜长石。石英石榴角闪岩矿物组合为石榴子石、角闪石、石英、斜长石、黑云母。岩石学及变质相平衡研究表明两类石榴角闪岩均经历了高压角闪岩相变质作用。含十字石石榴角闪岩和石英石榴角闪岩具有MORB的地球化学特征,锆石U-Pb年代学分析获得了800~200 Ma的206Pb/238U年龄范围,出现了~430 Ma、~268 Ma和~216 Ma年龄峰值。~430 Ma年龄可能和拉萨地体岩浆活动有关,~268 Ma变质年龄和~216 Ma变质年龄和拉萨地块经历的高压变质作用有关。其中~268 Ma年龄和拉萨地块内部松多高压带榴辉岩的峰期变质年龄一致,而~216 Ma年龄和榴辉岩的围岩含石榴子石片岩年龄一致。对比该区域的年代学研究成果,这表明林芝杂岩体不仅经历了中新生代的变质和岩浆再造活动,还经历了古特提斯洋闭合,南北拉萨地块发生碰撞的晚二叠世的高压变质作用和三叠纪的中压变质作用。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段普兰纯橄岩中橄榄石的出溶特征及指示意义

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段普兰纯橄岩中橄榄石存在透辉石和磁铁矿共生出溶现象。这类纯橄岩非常新鲜,主要由橄榄石、尖晶石和透辉石等矿物组成。橄榄石的Fo值是90.1~90.7,铬尖晶石的Cr~#为19.8~20.8,远小于蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中常见纯橄岩中铬尖晶石的铬值(Cr~#60)。基于前人研究结果,提出这种现象是由于亏损方辉橄榄岩与含钛、铝、钙熔体发生交代作用,从而形成橄榄石的固溶体存在Ti~(4+)、Al~(3+)、Ca~(2+)、Fe~(3+),而Cr~(3+)进入铬尖晶石结晶。后期由于岩体在抬升过程中降温,橄榄石中出溶形成单斜辉石和磁铁矿,而铬尖晶石结晶被保留。依据铬尖晶石-橄榄石的矿物化学成分,识别出低铬纯橄岩具有最低的部分熔融程度为~8%,Cr~#最高的纯橄岩壳其部分熔融程度达到~50%,表明不同岩相间其形成背景存在明显差异。因此,笔者认为普兰蛇绿岩具有多阶段的过程。首先是在洋中脊环境下经历富Ca、Al和Na等熔体交代和部分熔融作用,后受到俯冲带玻安质熔体改造。     

昭通示范区黄金坝气田五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层地质特征

昭通国家级页岩气示范区黄金坝气田是继礁石坝和长宁—威远之后中国又一个在页岩气勘探、开发领域实现重大突破的地区,为了系统地展示黄金坝气田页岩气资源富集的储层条件,为未来的勘探工作提供参考,以五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层为研究对象,从区域地质条件、储层岩石学、物性和地球化学4个方面对该页岩气储层进行了综合研究。结果表明稳定的区域构造和良好的顶底板条件是黄金坝地区页岩气资源富集的关键,良好的保存条件使储层维持了较高的压力(压力系数1);较高的孔隙度(平均4%)和TOC含量(目的层2%)提供了良好的储集空间,使储层具有较高的含气量(1.35~3.48 cm3/g,平均2.50 cm3/g);天然气地球化学数据表明,区内天然气主要成分为CH4(97%),其次还含有少量的C2H6、C3H8和CO2;天然气同位素数据表明烃类C同位素组成发生了倒转,表明储层具有良好的封闭性。但储层孔隙系统较为复杂,且非均质性极强,从而导致渗透率较低,在储层改造施工过程中应予以充分考虑。总体上,黄金坝气田具有较好的开发前景,生产测试表明,区内直井压裂产量为0.5×104~3.5×104m3/d/井,水平井压裂产量可达12×104~40×104m3/d/井。     

湘南—桂东北地区寒武—奥陶纪沉积岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学特征及其地质意义

本文利用LA-ICP-MS分析技术,对湘南—桂东北地区寒武纪和奥陶纪沉积岩进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究。获得有效年龄数据239组,年龄值变化范围较大(3146~474 Ma),主要集中分布于2633~2473 Ma(峰值2500Ma),1880~1521 Ma(峰值1650 Ma),1146~911 Ma(峰值970 Ma),896~720 Ma(峰值800 Ma)和682~474 Ma(峰值520 Ma)5个时间段。4件样品均记录了古太古代—中太古代年龄信息,同时以1146~911 Ma和896~720 Ma两个时间段年龄最集中,反映全球Grenville造山事件和全球Rodinia超大陆裂解事件对研究区影响显著。此外,本次还获得大量泛非期(520 Ma左右)锆石年龄,认为全球泛非事件对华夏地块及其邻区影响显著,反映华夏地块与冈瓦纳大陆可能有一定亲缘性。结合前人资料,认为研究区位于华夏地块和扬子地块西南段碰撞拼合带,研究区地层同时接受两地块物质沉积,物源主要来自华夏地块。