多源卫星高度计海浪资料在中国近海的验证及应用

Studies of offshore wave climate based on satellite altimeter significant wave height(SWH) have widespread application value. This study used a calibrated multi-altimeter SWH dataset to investigate the wave climate characteristics in the offshore areas of China. First, the SWH measurements from 28 buoys located in China's coastal seas were compared with an Ifremer calibrated altimeter SWH dataset. Although the altimeter dataset tended to slightly overestimate SWH, it was in good agreement with the in situ data in general. The correlation coefficient was 0.97 and the root-mean-square(RMS) of differences was 0.30 m. The validation results showed a slight difference in different areas. The correlation coefficient was the maximum(0.97) and the RMS difference was the minimum(0.28 m) in the area from the East China Sea to the north of the South China Sea.The correlation coefficient of approximately 0.95 was relatively low in the seas off the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary. The RMS difference was the maximum(0.32 m) in the seas off the Changjiang Estuary and was0.30 m in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Based on the above evidence, it is confirmed that the multialtimeter wave data are reliable in China's offshore areas. Then, the characteristics of the wave field, including the frequency of huge waves and the multi-year return SWH in China's offshore seas were analyzed using the23-year altimeter wave dataset. The 23-year mean SWH generally ranged from 0.6–2.2 m. The greatest SWH appeared in the southeast of the China East Sea, the Taiwan Strait and the northeast of the South China Sea.Obvious seasonal variation of SWH was found in most areas; SWH was greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. Extreme waves greater than 4 m in height mainly occurred in the following areas: the southeast of the East China Sea, the south of the Ryukyu Islands, the east of Taiwan-Luzon Island, and the Dongsha Islands extending to the Zhongsha Islands, and the frequency of extreme waves was 3%–6%. Extreme waves occurred most frequently in autumn and rarely in spring. The 100-year return wave height was greatest from the northwest Pacific seas extending to southeast of the Ryukyu Islands(9–12 m), and the northeast of the South China Sea and the East China Sea had the second largest wave heights(7–11 m). For inshore areas, the100-year return wave height was the greatest in the waters off the east coast of Guangdong Province and the south coast of Zhejiang Province(7–8 m), whereas it was at a minimum in the area from the Changjiang Estuary to the Bohai Sea(4–6 m). An investigation of sampling effects indicates that when using the 1°×1°grid dataset, although the combination of nine altimeters obviously enhanced the time and space coverage of sampling, the accuracy of statistical results, particularly extreme values obtained from the dataset, still suffered from undersampling problems because the time sampling percent in each 1°×1°grid cell was always less than33%.     

CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RAPIDLY INTENSIFYING (RI) TROPICAL CYCLONES IN NW PACIFIC WEST OF 135°E1

Tropical cyclones which rapidly intensify (ΔV≥ 20 m/s in 24 h)in the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of 135°E could have adverse influence on oceanic and coastal economic activities in China, 71% of which land in China. Rapid intensification is mostly seen east and northeast of the Luzon Island. It is much correlated with sea surface temperature(≥28℃)and upper air conditions, such as enhanced subtropical high, onset of Southwest monsoon surge, invasion of modest cold air, and Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough(TUTT) etc. Abovementioned processes enhance inflows in the low level and deep convection in the area of inner core. Statistics of satellite pixels have confirmed that rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones are marked by a sharp increase in the inner core convection and stable or slowly-increasing deep convection in outer region. Non-rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones have only constant or decreased deep convection in inner core and outer region. The sharp increasing of deep convection in the inner core and the rapid warming in its upper level is a forewarning of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones.     

中国土壤湿度的垂直变化特征

使用中国 57个站 1981～ 2 0 0 0年 0～ 10 0cm的土壤湿度资料 ,逐站进行了垂直方向土壤湿度的诊断分析 ,根据湿度的垂直分布形态归纳为 3种主要类型 :夏季均匀型、急剧变化型和季节差异型 ;分析土壤湿度的年际变化发现 :多数测站湿度的距平符号在垂直方向是一致的 ,变化趋势以长时间持续干和湿以及 3～ 4a振荡周期为主 ;进一步对干和湿期土壤湿度和降水量进行合成 ,发现湿期和干期的土壤湿度垂直分布多数情况下保持了气候态的基本特征 ,湿期减干期的土壤湿度差与降水差有很好的对应关系     

Improving evapotranspiration estimation models through quantitative watershed parameter analysis and remote sensing applications

Numerous models had been developed to predict the annual evapotranspiration (ET) in vegetated lands across various spatial scales. Fu's (Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, 5, 23–31) and Zhang's (Water Resources Research, 37, 701–708) ET simulation models have emerged as highly effective and have been widely used. However, both formulas have the non-quantitative parameters (m in Fu's model and w in Zhang's model). Based on the collected 1789 samples from global long-term hydrological studies, this study discovered significant relations between m (or w) and vegetation coverage or greenness in collected catchments. Then, we used these relations to qualify the parameters in both Zhang's and Fu's models. Results show that the ET estimation accuracies of Fu's (or Zhang's) model are significantly improved by about 13.49 mm (or 6.74 mm) for grassland and cropland, 38.52 mm (or 29.84 mm) for forest and shrub land (coverage<40%), 19.74 mm (or 16.17 mm) for mixed land (coverage<40%), respectively. However, Zhang's model shows higher errors compared with Fu's model, especially in regions with high m (or w) values, such as those with dense vegetations or P/E₀ (annual precipitation to annual potential ET) smaller than 1.0. Additionally, this study also reveals that for regions with vegetation cover less than 40%, the annual ET is not only determined by vegetation types, but also relates to the sizes of vegetation-covered areas. Conversely, for regions with vegetation cover more than 40%, the annual ET is mainly determined by the vegetation density rather than vegetation types or vegetation coverage. Thus, linking m (or w) parameters with vegetation greenness allows leveraging remote sensing for forest management in data-scarce areas, safeguarding regional water resources. This study pioneers integrating vegetation-related indices with basin parameters, advocating for their crucial role in more effective hydrological modelling.     

公路设计、选线及施测方法

以近几年公路修建中的经验,谈谈公路设计、选线及施测方法的体会。     

用于舰船磁性测试的磁场环境模拟技术

首先阐述了舰船产生磁场的特点及分类,指出区分舰船的固定磁场和感应磁场时最好在零磁空间下进行测量;其次通过优化设计,结合舰船自身和建筑物的特点,使线圈位置避开建筑门窗,设计了大长径比的零磁空间。 测试结果表明:在 Ф2 m×24 m 的区域内磁场强度达到±100 000 nT、非均匀性为 3. 7%,实测结果和设计值相符合。     

长江口九段沙上沙潮滩沉积物短期时空变化特征

根据 2006 年 6 月至 2007 年 6 月在长江口九段沙上沙潮滩两断面 9 个固定观测点逐月采集的 108 个表层沉积物样品的粒度测定,结合动力地貌过程分析了潮滩沉积物短期时空变化.结果表明:①潮滩沉积物在时间上具有明显的洪枯季变化:丰水期潮滩淤积,沉积物粒度较细;枯水期潮滩冲刷,沉积物粒度较粗.②流域来水来沙和风浪是沉积物年周期变化的主导因子,而台风浪是沉积物短期突变的决定性因子.③潮滩沉积物在空间上表现出明显的纵向差异和横向分异特征,这是由于人工抛石筑堤改变了潮滩泥沙来源及水动力条件.该研究结果可为河口湿地的保护和建设提供科学依据.     

西北太平洋热带气旋增强的气候特征分析

本文统计了１９４９－１９９０年西北太平洋热气旋中心最大风速６小时增强≥５ｍ／ｓ和２４小时增强≥２０ｍ／ｓ的有关要素，分析了热带气增强的时空分布规律、黑潮与热带气旋增强的关系及热带气旋迅速增强的各类统计特征，试图为热带气旋增强预报提供了有价值的参考。     

南海—西北太平洋季风槽中热带气旋异常活动特征

应用1979—2005年的台风资料和NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ再分析资料,分析了生成于南海—西北太平洋季风槽中的热带气旋（MTTC）活动特征及季风槽强弱对MTTC异常的影响。结果表明：①1979—2005年5—10月南海和西北太平洋生成的热带气旋（TC）共有672个,年平均24.9个,其中MTTC为491个,占73.1%,占登陆中国TC频数的79.2%。②27年间MTTC年频数经历了正常期（1979—1987年）—多台期（1988—1994年）—少台期（1995—2005年）3个阶段;具有准4年和准2年的变化周期,1994年为MTTC频数由多台向少台转换的转折点。③MTTC频数异常年份,MTTC生成起止日期和生成位置有明显差异：MTTC异常偏少（多）年,MTTC活动起始日期较晚（早）,且5—10月皆不活跃（活跃）,MTTC生成海区范围较小（大）。④南海—西北太平洋季风槽强度和位置异常与MTTC活动异常密切相关。     

唐山开滦煤矿区Se、Hg元素地球化学特征及其迁移循环规律研究

唐山开滦煤矿已有百余年的开采史。河北平原多目标区域地球化学调查在矿区内发现了以Se、Hg元素为主的多种微量元素土壤地球化学异常。本文利用地球化学方法,研究Se、Hg元素地球化学空间分布特征、赋存状态及其在表生环境中的迁移循环规律。结果表明,Se、Hg元素含量在大气降尘中高度富集,土壤异常区与煤田分布范围几乎一致。Se、Hg元素主要通过大气降尘及地表水系途径在煤-大气-土壤-水系体系内迁移,迁移过程中其赋存状态发生了改变,活化趋势明显。迁移范围遍及矿区外围1 200 km²区域及流经矿区的整个水系覆盖区域。