Effectiveness of pilot carbon emissions trading systems in China

China is in the process of establishing a national emissions trading system (ETS). Evaluating the implementation effectiveness of the seven pilot ETSs in China is critical for designing this national system. This study administered a questionnaire survey to assess the behaviour of enterprises covered by the seven ETS pilots from the perspective of: the strictness of compliance measures; rules for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV); the mitigation pressure felt by enterprises; and actual mitigation and trading activities. The results show that the pilot MRV and compliance rules have not yet been fully implemented. The main factors involved are the lack of compulsory force of the regulations and the lack of policy awareness within the affected enterprises. Most enterprises have a shortage of free allowances and thus believe that the ETSs have increased their production costs. Most enterprises have already established mitigation targets. Some of the covered enterprises are aware of their own internal emission reduction costs and most of these have used this as an important reference in trading. Many enterprises have accounted for carbon prices in their long-term investment. The proportion of enterprises that have participated in trading is fairly high; however, reluctance to sell is quite pervasive in the market, and enterprises are mostly motivated to trade simply in order to achieve compliance. Few enterprises are willing to manage their allowances in a market-oriented manner. Different free allowance allocation methods directly affect the pathways enterprises take to control emissions.

Key policy insights

• In the national ETS, the compulsory force of ETS provisions should be strengthened.

• A reasonable level of free allowance shortage should be ensured to promote emission reduction by enterprises.

• Sufficient information should be provided to guide enterprises in their allowance management to activate the market.

• To promote the implementation of mitigation technologies by enterprises, actual output-based allocation methods should be used.

• The government should use market adjustment mechanisms, such as a price floor and ceiling, to ensure that carbon prices are reasonable and stable, so as to guide long-term low carbon investment.

     

豫西南蒲塘金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

蒲塘金矿床属爆破角砾岩型，主成矿期温度２３６～３１８℃，主矿体受爆破角砾岩筒控制，含矿围岩蚀变及矿体变化规律明显，黄铁矿及黄铜矿是金的主要载体矿物。矿石中Ａｕ－Ｃｕ含量呈正消长关系，成矿物质主要来源于花岗岩，从花岗岩的侵入到矿床的形成，大体上经过了晚燕山期浅成初始岩浆侵入－爆破，超浅成强烈爆破及热液成矿三个阶段。     

Response of riparian vegetation to water-table changes in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang Uygur, China

The lower reaches of Tarim River in the Xinjiang Uygur region of western China had been dried out for more than 30 years before water began to be diverted from Konqi (Peacock) River via a 927-km-long channel in year 2000, aimed at improving the riparian ecological systems. Since then, eight intermittent water deliveries have been carried out. To evaluate the response of riparian vegetation to these operations, the groundwater regime and vegetation changes have been monitored along the 350-km-long stem of the river using a network of 40 dug wells at nine transects across the river and 30 vegetation plots at key sites. Results show that the water table rose remarkably, i.e. from a depth of 9.87 m before the water delivery to 3.16 m after the third water delivery. The lateral distance of affected water table extended to 1,050 m from the riverbank after the fourth water delivery. The riparian vegetation has changed in composition, type, distribution, and growing behavior. This shows that the water deliveries have had significant effects on restoration of riparian ecosystems.     

基于无人机影像的辽宁农居建筑物提取技术与应用研究

本研究以实地调研数据为基准,无人机影像数据分析为验证,进行了基于无人机识别能力范畴的辽宁农居建筑结构类型划分,并根据区域结构类型比例、影像特性等指标优化了农居遥感解译标志整体参数,提取了不同建筑结构的不同解译标志阈值区间,并基于无人机低空正射影像DOM、数字表面模型DSM制定改进型DSM提取算法处理流程与代码,利用Python语言及开发环境完成了遥感影像要素提取与评估系统开发应用。通过最优组合解译标志获取无人机影像解译一致性系数Kappa=0.723,表明制定的解译标志特征对获得具有较好一致性的房屋结构类型具备一定的可行性。以改进型DSM提取算法为核心的建筑物提取软件提取建筑的整体精度为75%,基本满足地震应急需求。     

Characteristics and Origins of Suspended Pyrite in the Mixing Zone of the Yangtze Estuary

For a long time, most studies about pyrite have focused on sediments while only a few have focused on pyrite in water. In this study, a method that combines the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS) was used to compare pyrite particles suspended in water to those in associated bottom sediments, both obtained from the mixing zone of the Yangtze Estuary. It was found that the pyrite particles in the two media have similar morphologies and size distributions. The particle morphology mainly includes two types, single crystal and aggregate, and the particle size mainly ranges from 0.5 to 2 μm. The pyrite particles in water exhibit an increase in relative content towards the sea, and their transport and deposit processes are mainly affected by hydrodynamic conditions. It is concluded that the pyrite particles in the suspended matter mainly derived from the resuspension of sediments, which are products of the early diagenesis. Precursor minerals may appear during the formation of pyrite, but are generally restricted by the diagenetic environment and local microenvironment.     

VOLUMETRIC SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION IN DEBRIS FLOWS

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ　Ｄｅｂｒｉｓｆｌｏｗｓｏｃｃｕｒｗｈｅｎｒａｉｎｓｔｏｒｍｓｏｒｔｈｅｅｌｅｖａｔｉｏｎｏｆｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒｌｅｖｅｌｃａｕｓｅｌｏｏｓｅｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｓｏｒｐｅｔｒｉｆｉｅｄｏｂｊｅｃｔｓｓｕｃｈａｓｐ?..     

环境约束下中国工业化与城镇化的关系演变——效率分析视角

将工业化视为投入,城镇化视为产出,基于中国各省份2001~2012年的工业化、城镇化和污染物排放数据,测算了传统效率值、环境效率值及效率指数,据此分析各省份工业化与城镇化的关系及其演变。研究发现：全国总体层面的城镇化传统效率值和环境效率值均在下降。分地区来看,东部地区通过工业化来推进城镇化的实施空间有限,中部地区需要调整发展方式,西部地区尚有一定余地。在城镇化过程中,工业化存在前期“负向规律机制”和后期“正向反馈机制”两种作用。为实现城镇化低碳发展,需要转变工业和经济发展方式,改善对外贸易结构,同时提高环境污染治理投资效果。     

二道沟矿床绢云母的^39Ar／^40Ar年龄及其地质意义

本文通过对绢云母39Ar－40Ar坪年龄的研究，得到二道沟金矿床的成矿年龄为140±2．8Ma；从年代学方面证实了金矿化与对面沟花岗闪长岩无直接关系，而与火山岩和次火山岩有密切的关系；该矿床是－岩浆热液为主要来源而混入有一部分大气降水的浅成低温热液型金矿床。