沙坡头地区生物土壤结皮-土壤系统生长季氮矿化动态

以腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头天然植被区藻地衣混生结皮和无结皮土壤为对象,采用野外原状土柱封顶埋管法,研究土壤硝态氮、无机氮、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率的季节动态特征。结果表明:藻地衣混生结皮和无结皮土壤有效氮含量和净氮转化速率存在明显的季节动态,表现为生长季高峰期 > 生长季初期,夏季7月和8月土壤有效氮和净氮转化速率最大;两个样地土壤在生长季不同时期有效氮和净氮转化速率也存在差异。生长季初期,藻地衣混生结皮和无结皮土壤硝态氮和无机氮含量无显著差异,且温度是影响土壤氮素转化的关键环境因子。生长季高峰期,两个样地土壤有效氮含量和净硝化速率均表现为无结皮 > 藻地衣混生结皮,且水分和温度分别是影响土壤氮硝化和矿化过程的关键环境因子。由此可见,藻地衣结皮的繁衍在一定程度上抑制了土壤氮的硝化过程,因而可以减少养分的散失,是养分贮存的重要机制。     

亚热带樟树树干液流通量变化规律

采用热脉冲技术于2013―2015 年连续测定了樟树的树干液流,并同步监测了环境因子,分析了樟树树干液流日变化和季节变化特征以及对不同环境条件的响应。结果表明：樟树树干液流速率晴天日变化为典型的单峰型曲线,季节变化明显,液流速率峰值夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季,峰宽随季节变化存在“窄→宽→窄”的逐步变化过程。樟树存在微弱的夜间液流,且生长季较其他月份活跃。液流启动时间夏季最早,冬季最晚,液流结束（进入夜间低值）时间夏季晚于冬季约1~2 h。上下午液流量比值均＜1,平均值为0.74。同月不同天气条件下,液流速率和液流量均为晴天＞阴天＞雨天。干旱环境下,樟树树干液流峰值下降了约95%,与2014 年相比,同期内液流总量减少了约47.8%,在干旱中液流量与气温、水汽压亏缺呈显著负相关,改变了常年中（没有干旱）液流量与气温和水汽压亏缺呈显著正相关的关系。干旱显著降低了樟树的树干液流量,也反映了樟树对干旱的适应过程。     

中国东部全新世以来海面波动特征探讨

对全新世以来中国东部海面变化的资料数据进行全面搜集,其中包括12条原始曲线和 600多个标志物点的多项信息,通过建立数据库、统计分析等多种方法与手段的运用,拟对全新世以来中国东部海面变化小尺度波动进行对比研究,并得出全新世以来中国东部海面波动的一系列特征。初步建立起中国东部全新世以来海面随时间变化的波动序列,即：大致以 6500aBP为界, 6500aBP之前海面在波动中快速上升;6500aBP之后海面波动频繁,变化幅度减弱,但其变化的总趋势呈现出在波动中微微上升的特点。中国东部全新世以来海面变化从总体上来讲共经历了 9个周期的波动变化。     

构造透镜体中成矿雏形断裂的形成过程

以应力-应变曲线峰值为界,岩石破坏可分为 2个阶段,前阶段发育为雏形断裂,后阶段发育成宏观断裂。雏形断裂是一种特殊的断裂形式,在自然界中少见宏观断裂。与宏观断裂不同的是,雏形断裂既无断层面,又无碎裂岩,仅由小（微）裂隙组成。裂隙通常互不连通,总体具优选方向,且集中成透镜状裂隙群。裂隙群中部裂隙最发育,往边部渐趋消失。透镜状裂隙群之间呈雁列式排布,易发育和保存于构造透镜体弱应变域中。主要变形机制有液压致裂和应力腐蚀。形成前经历过微裂隙闭合、弹性变形和微裂隙生长扩容 3个阶段。以 2个中型金矿床为实例,研究了这一新发现的成矿构造的地质特征,认为变形分解、液压致裂和构造泵吸三者相互耦合,在雏形断裂形成与成矿过程中发挥关键作用。雏形断裂发育阶段可以形成独立的工业矿体。     

始新世-渐新世界线的全球气候事件：从“温室”到“冰室”

新生代以来,全球气候在持续不断的变冷,从两极无冰的"温室地球"变为现今两极终年有冰的"冰室地球",经历了多次冰盖扩张的变冷事件。始新世-渐新世界线（E/O）附近,δ¹⁸O值大幅度正偏,在短期内由 1．2‰迅速增加到 3．0‰,底层海水温度从12 ℃降低为 4．5 ℃。保存在大洋和大陆中的记录表明：E/O界线附近,全球气温大幅降低,海陆生物均有不同程度的灭绝,指示了气候变冷、变干的趋势。始新世-渐新世转换期间,南极洲与澳大利亚之间的塔斯曼尼亚海道和南极洲与南美洲之间的德雷克海峡（DrakeStrait）相继打开,形成环南极洋流,从而阻止赤道地区的热量向南极传送,导致南极大陆"热隔绝",使南极大陆东部为冰川所覆盖。最近的研究显示,E/O事件是与大气CO₂含量快速变化密切相关的瞬时气候变化,其变化速率类似于现今地球由于人类活动引起大气CO₂的变化,表明大气CO₂浓度的变化在这一事件中起了极为重要的作用。     

环境经济帐户的研究综述

在传统的国民经济帐户体系中加入环境的内容日益引起各国政府的重视。在总结国内外环境经济帐户研究的基础上,系统介绍了当前国际上最新发展的综合环境经济帐户体系（SEEA）的基本框架和结构。将环境成本内生于生产和收入帐户,同时调整生产帐户中资产和收入帐户中的存量和流量是当前的环境经济帐户体系有别于其它帐户体系的基本特征。详细介绍了建立环境经济帐户的十大步骤。指出了建立区域尺度环境经济帐户中的难点,并提出了相应的解决方法。最后系统地总结了环境经济帐户在政策分析中的应用前景。     

Variation of d δ18O/dT in precipitation in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The relations between δ¹⁸O and temperature on the different time scales were analysed, according to the data from Tuotuohe (34°13′N, 96°25′E; 4533 m a. s. l.), Delingha (37°22′N, 97°22′E; 2981 m a. s. l.) and Xining (36°37′N, 101°46′E; 2261 m a. s. l.) in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The results show that the significance of d δ¹⁸O/dT on different time scales are different. The d δ¹⁸O/dT on the synoptic scale reflects the interdependent relation between δ¹⁸O and temperature in the short-term synoptic scale process; the d δ¹⁸O/d T on the seasonal scale reflects the relation between them whithin a year; and the d δ¹⁸O/d T on the climatic scale reflects the relation between them in the long-term climatic change. The calculated d δ¹⁸O/dT on climatic scale is very close to the theoretical values on the condition of advection transport for Tuotuohe Station. However, there are great differences between the calculated and the theoretical values for Delingha and Xining stations.     

Humidity Effect and Its Influence on the Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation δ~(18)O in Monsoon Regions

The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit ATd in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between the δ18O in precipitation and ATd are analyzed for the Urumqi and Kunming stations, which have completely different climatic characteristics. Although the seasonal variations in δ18O and △Td exhibit differences between the two stations, their humidity effect is notable. The correlation coefficient and its confidence level of the humidity effect are higher than those of the amount effect at Kunming, showing the marked influence of the humidity conditions in the atmosphere on stable isotopes in precipitation. Using a kinetic model for stable isotopic fractionation, and according to the seasonal distribution of mean monthly temperature at 500 hPa at Kunming, the variations of the δ18O in condensate in cloud are simulated. A very good agreement between the seasonal variations of the simulated     

Humidity Effect and Its Influence on the Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation δ18O in Monsoon Regions

The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit △Td in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between the δ18O in precipitation and △Td are analyzed for the Urumqi and Kunming stations, which have completely different climatic characteristics. Although the seasonal variations in δ18O and △Td exhibit differences between the two stations, their humidity effect is notable. The correlation coefficient and its confidence level of the humidity effect are higher than those of the amount effect at Kunming, showing the marked influence of the humidity conditions in the atmosphere on stable isotopes in precipitation.Using a kinetic model for stable isotopic fractionation, and according to the seasonal distribution of meanmonthly temperature at 500 hPa at Kunming, the variations of the δ18O in condensate in cloud aresimulated. A very good agreement between the seasonal variations of the simulated mean δ18O and themean monthly temperature at 500 hPa is obtained, showing that the oxygen stable isotope in condensateof cloud experiences a temperature effect. Such a result is markedly different from the amount effect atthe ground. Based on the simulations of seasonal variations of δ18O in falling raindrops, it can be foundthat, in the dry season from November to April, the increasing trend with falling distance of δ18O in fallingraindrops corresponds remarkably to the great ATd, showing a strong evaporation enrichment function infalling raindrops; however, in the wet season from May to October, the δ18O in falling raindrops displaysan unapparent increase corresponding to the small ATd, except in May. By comparing the simulated meanδ18O at the ground with the actual monthly δ18O in precipitation, we see distinctly that the two monthlyδ18O variations agree very well. On average, the δ18O values are relatively lower because of the highlymoist air, heavy rainfall, small △Td and weak evaporation enrichment function of stable isotopes in thefalling raindrops, under the influence of vapor from the oceans; but they are relatively higher because of the dry air, light rainfall, great △Td and strong evaporation enrichment function in falling raindrops, under the control of the continental air mass. Therefore, the δ18O in precipitation at Kunming can be used to indicate the humidity situation in the atmosphere to a certain degree, and thus indicate the intensity of the precipitation and the strength of the monsoon indirectly. The humidity effect changes not only the magnitude of the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation but also its seasonal distribution due to its influence on the strength of the evaporation enrichment of stable isotopes in falling raindrops and the direction of the net mass transfer of stable isotopes between the atmosphere and the raindrops. Consequently, it is inferred that the humidity effect is probably one of the foremost causes generating the amount effect.     

腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区浅层土壤水分对降水和生物结皮的响应

选择腾格里沙漠东南缘人工植被区3种典型的地表覆被类型（藓类结皮、藻类结皮和流沙）土壤为对象,选取发生在7月和9月的两次降水事件,研究浅层土壤（3、5、10 cm）水分入渗与再分布过程。结果表明：浅表层3 cm深度土壤水分在降雨初期均表现为跳跃式增加,而在降雨中后期由于土壤剖面不同深度水势梯度减小,降水入渗速率降低,土壤水分仅呈现小幅波动。在两次降水事件中,藓类结皮和藻类结皮对降水入渗的阻碍作用比较显著,入渗速率表现为沙土 > 藻类结皮 > 藓类结皮;从水分再分布看,生物土壤结皮的存在致使水分再分配过程表现出明显的浅层化;降水过程结束后,结皮促进水分的蒸发损失,从而减少植被可利用水分含量。人工固沙植被区广泛发育的生物土壤结皮对降水入渗与再分布过程以及土壤水量平衡具有重要影响。