Comparative assessment of nitrogen fixation rate by 15N2 tracer assays in the South China Sea

Nitrogen fixation is one of the most important sources of new nitrogen in the ocean and thus profoundly affects the nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical processes. The distribution, controlling factors, and flux of N₂ fixation in the global ocean remain uncertain, partly because of the lack of methodological uniformity. The 15N₂ tracer assay (the original bubble method → the 15N₂-enriched seawater method → the modified bubble method) is the mainstream method for field measurements of N₂ fixation rates (NFRs), among which the original bubble method is the most frequently used. However, accumulating evidence has suggested an underestimation of NFRs when using this method. To improve the availability of previous data, we compared NFRs measured by three 15N₂ tracer assays in the South China Sea. Our results indicate that the relationship between NFRs measured by the original bubble method and the 15N₂-enriched seawater method varies obviously with area and season, which may be influenced by incubation time, diazotrophic composition, and environmental factors. In comparison, the relationship between NFRs measured by the original bubble method and the modified bubble method is more stable, indicating that the N₂ fixation rates based on the original bubble methods may be underestimated by approximately 50%. Based on this result, we revised the flux of N₂ fixation in the South China Sea to 40 mmol/(m2·a). Our results improve the availability and comparability of literature NFR data in the South China Sea. The comparison of the 15N₂ tracer assay for NFRs measurements on a larger scale is urgently necessary over the global ocean for a more robust understanding of the role of N₂ fixation in the marine nitrogen cycle.     

澳门路环地区地磁场的环境及近期变化

2002年5月,对澳门路环岛地区及相邻珠海横琴岛的地磁流动观测网的25个测点进行了地磁场总强度(F)的观测。同时还进行了地磁环境噪音的测量及十字剖面测量。2003年1月,对此流动观测网进行了复测。尽管该地区四周邻海,存在相当数量的干扰因素。但两次观测结果经通化处理后表明大多数测点的地磁场总强度的变化不大,变化量在1～2nT左右。两次观测结果的总体均方差为2．8nT。     

苏06井不同深度水温变化特征

根据2008—2016年苏06井400 m和800 m深度的水温观测数据,分析不同深度的水温年变速率及日变曲线形态,并运用差值、水温梯度的小波变换方法,对2个不同深度的水温变化特征进行分析,发现:苏06井不同深度水温的长期变化与水位变化具有一定同步性,事实上水位变化起主导作用,构造引起水位变化使不同深度水温的表现不同,对周围近距离显著地震发生有一定意义;从短期变化看,不同深度水温之间很少出现同步变化;400 m深度水温异常信号频度及强度高于800 m深度水温异常信号。     

Response mechanism of post-earthquake slopes under heavy rainfall

This paper uses the catastrophic landslide that occurred in Zhongxing Town, Dujiangyan City, as an example to study the formation mechanism of landslides induced by heavy rainfall in the post-Wenchuan earthquake area. The deformation characteristics of a slope under seismic loading were investigated via a shaking table test. The results show that a large number of cracks formed in the slope due to the tensile and shear forces of the vibrations, and most of the cracks had angles of approximately 45° with respect to the horizontal. A series of flume tests were performed to show how the duration and intensity of rainfall influence the responses of the shaken and non-shaken slopes. Wetting fronts were recorded under different rainfall intensities, and the depth of rainfall infiltration was greater in the shaken slope than in the non-shaken slope because the former experienced a greater extreme rainfall intensity under the same early rainfall and rainfall duration conditions. At the beginning of the rainfall infiltration experiment, the pore water pressure in the slope was negative, and settling occurred at the top of the slope. With increasing rainfall, the pore water pressure changed from negative to positive, and cracks were observed on the back surface of the slope and the shear outlet of the landslide on the front of the slope. The shaken slope was more susceptible to crack formation than the non-shaken slope under the same rainfall conditions. A comparison of the responses of the shaken and non-shaken slopes under heavy rainfall revealed that cracks formed by earthquakes provided channels for infiltration. Soil particles in the cracks of slopes were washed away, and the pore water pressure increased rapidly, especially the transient pore water pressure in the slope caused by short-term concentrated rainfall which decreased rock strength and slope stability.     

Wave measurement based on light refraction

Some authors have developed a few methods of measuring wave slopes based on light refraction, including the measurement method via the distribution of light intensity or color under water. A new method based on light refraction is specified for the measurement of wave surface elevation in wave flume via imaging technology. A plane painted with black and white stripes is put on the flume floor as an indication plane, which can be arranged easily and cheaply. Compared with the previous methods, the present method is less sensitive to the noise and nonlinear effects of optical process, which can be taken as a digital method. The CCD camera is fixed above the flume with its optical axis arranged vertically to grab the images of stripes modulated by the wave surface. The modulated value can be calculated from the Hilbert transform, and then the wave surface elevation can be obtained. The algorithm and experimental procedure are specified in detail, and some experimental results are provided to show the validity of the present method.     

黏土水泥浆材特性的试验研究

黏土水泥浆材是采空区处治的优选注浆材料,但目前关于优化浆材配比的研究较少。针对毕威高速公路水塘隧道出口段采空区处治工程,提出采用黏土水泥浆液进行注浆处理,并进行室内试验研究,得到了不同配比浆液的凝结时间、结石率、结石密度、结石体抗压强度、渗透系数及冲蚀率等性能指标。试验结果表明,固相比较低的浆液凝结时间较短,抗压强度较高,渗透系数较大;随原浆比重增加,浆液的凝结时间缩短,强度提高且渗透系数降低;偏铝酸钠可有效缩短浆液的凝结时间;最终确定了黏土水泥浆材的配比和原浆比重。本次研究可为高速公路下伏采空区的注浆治理提供设计依据。     

GPS/GLONASS组合精密单点定位研究

讨论了GPS/GLONASS组合精密单点定位的数学模型,并以IRKJ跟踪站的观测数据为例,分别利用GPS和GPS/GLONASS组合两种方式进行精密单点定位解算。计算结果表明,当GPS观测卫星数较多(9~10颗)时,组合GPS/GLONASS较单系统GPS的精密单点定位精度及收敛速度有一定改善,但效果不明显。当GPS卫星数较少(4~5颗)时,引入GLONASS卫星进行GPS/GLONASS组合精密单点定位,其定位精度及收敛速度较单系统GPS精密单点均有显著改善。     

异构传感器网络基于身份的认证及密钥协商方案

结合身份密码体制,提出了一个基于身份和地理位置信息的异构传感器网络(HSN)节点间的双向认证及密钥协商方案。不同性能节点之间采用不同的协议完成身份认证和密钥建立,充分发挥了高性能节点的能力,降低了低性能节点的能耗。该方案具有完美前向保密性和主密钥前向保密性,具有较好的抗节点伪造、节点复制和女巫攻击能力。分析与仿真表明,该方案具有较好的安全性。     

Remote detection of bare soil moisture using a surface-temperature-based soil evaporation transfer coefficient

An approach for estimating soil moisture is presented and tested by using surface-temperature-based soil evaporation transfer coefficient (h_a), a coefficient recently proposed through the equation h_a = (T_s − T_a)/(T_sd − T_a), where T_s, T_sd, and T_a are land surface temperature (LST), reference soil (dry soil without evaporation) surface temperature, and air temperature respectively. Our analysis and controllable experiment indicated that h_a closely related to soil moisture, and therefore, a relationship between field soil moisture and h_a could be developed for soil moisture estimation. Field experiments were carried out to test the relationship between h_a and soil moisture. Time series Aqua-MODIS images were acquired between 11 Sep. 2006 and 1 Nov. 2007. Then, MODIS derived h_a and simultaneous measured soil moisture for different soil depths were used to establish the relations between the two variables. Results showed that there was a logarithmic relationship between soil moisture and h_a (P < 0.01). These logarithmic models were further validated by introducing another ground-truth data gathered from 46 meteorological stations in Hebei Province. Good agreement was observed between the measured and estimated soil moisture with RMSE of 0.0374 cm³/cm³ and 0.0503 cm³/cm³ for surface energy balance method at two soil depths (10 cm and 20 cm), with RMSE of 0.0467 cm³/cm³ and 0.0581 cm³/cm³ for maximum temperature method at two soil depths. For vegetated surfaces, the ratio of h_a and NDVI suggested to be considered. The proposed approach has a great potential for soil moisture and drought evaluation by remote sensing.     

The Impact of Urbanization on Groundwater Quantity,Quality,Hydrothermal Changes and Its Countermeasures

Groundwater, as a drinking water source for nearly one third of the world’s urban population, plays a strategic role in the development of urbanization. The object of this study is urban areas with the largest demand for water resources, the heaviest load of groundwater pollution and the most intense development of underground projects. This study sorted out the eco-hydrological problems such as the variation of the groundwater hydrological process, the groundwater pollution, and the urban heat island of groundwater in urban areas under the background of urbanization. Furthermore, the mechanism of changes in the quantity, quality and heat of groundwater was also systematically analyzed, and the intrinsic interaction among these three factors was revealed. The study showed that changes in land use and land cover caused by the urbanization are the main reasons for the variation of groundwater hydrological process. The pollution load of urbanization construction and domestic production waste has aggravated the deterioration of groundwater quality. The increase in vertical heat flux caused by urbanization gives rise to the warming of groundwater. By summarizing the eco-hydrological problems and causes of groundwater in urbanized areas, several suggestions were proposed: \mathrm{①} Establishing the evaluation method and system of urban groundwater resources; \mathrm{②} Speeding up the technological breakthroughs of groundwater pollution control; \mathrm{③} Improving the regional control strategies for groundwater pollution; \mathrm{④} Optimizing the allocation of groundwater resources. This study will provide the theoretical basis and technical support for ensuring urban water safety, building ecological civilized cities and further promoting the sustainable development of economy and society.