A complicated solar eruption event on 2003 October 26

We present multi-wavelength observations of a complicated solar eruption event to associate with an X1.2 flare and a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) on 2003 October 26. The soft X-ray profile shows a possibility for occurrence of two flares with peaks around 06:20 and 07:00 UT. According to our observations, there are many evidences to show that they are corresponding to two energy releases. The first one produces type II, type III, moving type IV continua, a decimetric burst (DCIM) and strong emissions at Hα, 195 and 1600 Å; While the second energy release only produces a group of RS-III bursts, DCIM and Hα emissions. It appears that the first energy release is associated with a CME, while the second CME is quiet. Such observational difference between two energy releases is found indicating two magnetic reconnection processes occurrence with different plasma situation.     

A GRB Follow-up System at the Xinglong Observatory and Detection of the High-Redshift GRB 060927

A gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical photometric follow-up system at the Xinglong Observatory of National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) has been constructed. It uses the 0.8-m Tsinghua-NAOC Telescope (TNT) and the 1-m EST telescope, and can au-tomatically respond to GRB Coordinates Network (GCN) alerts. Both telescopes slew rela-tively fast, being able to point to a new target field within ～ 1 min upon a request. Whenever available, the 2.16-m NAOC telescope is also used. In 2006 the system responded to 15 GRBs and detected seven early afterglows. In 2007 six GRBs have been detected among 18 follow-up observations. TNT observations of the second most distant GRB 060927 (z = 5.5) are shown, which started as early as 91 s after the GRB trigger. The afterglow was detected in the combined image of the first 19 × 20 s unfiltered exposures. This GRB follow-up system has joined the East-Asia GRB Follow-up Observation Network (EAFON).     

In Situ U‐Th‐Pb Dating and Sr‐Nd Isotope Analysis of Bastnäsite by LA‐(MC)‐ICP‐MS

Bastnäsite is the end member of a large group of carbonate–fluoride minerals with the common formula (REE) CO₃F·CaCO₃. This group is generally widespread and, despite never occurring in large quantities, represents the major economic light rare earth element (LREE) mineral in deposits related to carbonatite and alkaline intrusions. Since bastnäsite is easily altered and commonly contains inclusions of earlier‐crystallised minerals, in situ analysis is considered the most suitable method to measure its U‐Th‐Pb and Sr‐Nd isotopic compositions. Electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation (multi‐collector) inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry of forty‐six bastnäsite samples from LREE deposits in China, Pakistan, Sweden, Mongolia, USA, Malawi and Madagascar indicate that this mineral typically has high Th and LREE and moderate U and Sr contents. Analysis of an in‐house bastnäsite reference material (K‐9) demonstrated that precise and accurate U‐Th‐Pb ages could be obtained after common Pb correction. Moreover, the Th‐Pb age with its high precision is preferable to the U‐Pb age because most bastnäsites have relatively high Th rather than U contents. These results will have significant implications for understanding the genesis of endogenous ore deposits and formation processes related to metallogenic geochronology research.     

Estimate of contribution of near-inertial waves to the velocity shear in the Bay of Bengal based on mooring observations from 2013 to 2014

Near-inertial motions contribute most of the velocity shear in the upper ocean. In the Bay of Bengal (BoB), the annual-mean energy flux from the wind to near-inertial motions in the mixed layer in 2013 is dominated by tropical cyclone (TC) processes. However, due to the lack of long-term observations of velocity profiles, our knowledge about interior near-inertial waves (NIWs) as well as their shear features is limited. In this study, we quantified the contribution of NIWs to shear by integrating the wavenumber-frequency spectra estimated from velocity profiles in the upper layers (40?440 m) of the southern BoB from April 2013 to May 2014. It is shown that the annual-mean proportion of near-inertial shear out of the total is approximately 50%, and the high contribution is mainly due to the enhancement of the TC processes during which the near-inertial shear accounts for nearly 80% of the total. In the steady monsoon seasons, the near-inertial shear is dominant to or at least comparable with the subinertial shear. The contribution of NIWs to the total shear is lower during the summer monsoon than during the winter monsoon owing to more active mesoscale eddies and higher subinertial shear during the summer monsoon. The Doppler shifting of the M₂ internal tide has little effect on the main results since the proportion of shear from the tidal motions is much lower than that from the near-inertial and subinertial motions.     

Stormflow threshold behaviour in a subtropical mountainous headwater catchment during forest recovery period

Forest ecohydrological feedbacks complicate the threshold behaviour of stormflow response to precipitation or wetting conditions on a long-term scale (e.g. several years). In this study, the threshold behaviours in an evergreen-deciduous mixed forested headwater catchment in southern China were examined during 2009–2015, when damaged vegetation was recovering after the great 2008 Chinese ice and snowstorm. The non-uniqueness of the thresholds and the slow and rapid responses of stormflow at the outlet of the catchment in different hydro-climate datasets with different maximum values of gross precipitation (P) and sums of precipitation and antecedent soil moisture index (P + ASI) were assessed. The thresholds of P and P + ASI required to trigger stormflows (i.e. ‘generation thresholds’) and the transition from slow to rapid responses of stormflow (i.e. ‘rise thresholds’) were compared both seasonally and annually. The results indicated significant differences in the analysed datasets, highlighting the need to compare thresholds with care to avoid misinterpretation. Seasonal variations in threshold behaviours in the catchment suggested that vegetation canopy interception contributed to higher rise thresholds, and wetter conditions resulted in higher runoff sensitivity to precipitation during the growing and rainy seasons. Furthermore, the generation thresholds were higher in the dormant season, possibly due to drier soil moisture conditions in the near-channel areas. During the vegetation recovery period, the annual generation thresholds increased, however the rise thresholds did not exhibit a similar trend. The rapid stormflow response above the threshold decreased, possibly due to transpiration and interception of the recovered vegetation. However, the slow stormflow response to small rainfall events below the thresholds was higher in wetter years but lower in drier years, suggesting that the total water input dominated the stormflow response during small rainfall events. In conclusion, the seasonal and annual variations in threshold behaviours highlight that vegetation recovery and hydro-climatic conditions had a notable impact on the stormflow response.     

地理过程的时间性 ——关于地理教学中"点、线、面"问题的再认识

地理过程是地理学的重要概念,它是塑造地理景观格局的重要机制。作为地理过程的重要特征,时间性是厘清地理过程概念、把握地理过程走向的关键。地理过程的时间性包括作为某一地理过程在特定时间存在的特定状态的时间截面,由多个时间截面联结而成的时间脉络,以及在同一时间截面上由不同地理过程相互交织而成的时间叠置等三个方面。认识地理过程的时间性,是地理综合思维动态发展必不可少的内容。     

利用动态阈值方法改进的风云二号卫星海雾检测技术

有效的观测是提高对海雾认知和预报水平的关键因素,卫星数据是当前最可行的观测数据源,但需要高质量的观测数据和精细的检测技术。本文为提高风云二号海雾检测水平,在现有卫星观测数据条件下借鉴了动态获取云雾阈值的思想,定制设计了一套从获取动态检测阈值到温度、纹理、噪声检测等步骤的黄渤海海雾检测方法流程。对黄渤海白天海雾检测结果的检验表明,虽然对于秋、冬非海雾季月份的效果还有待提高,但在春季海雾季已接近国际同类产品水平。同时该技术方法也需要继续搜集实例,进一步优化阈值获取方案。     

A Knowledge-Based Computerized Approach to the Development of a Sinkhole Database

This study proposes a knowledge-based, computerized method to develop an initial sinkhole database as a basis for subsequent field investigation to improve on the established database. The knowledge-based data analysis represents sinks (i.e., topographic depressions) as isolines and associates them with contextual land use, land cover, and hydrologic information relevant to potential sinkhole hazard. Sinks of high priority for subsequent field investigation are identified based on combinations of contextual attributes. The proposed methodology for knowledge-based development of a preliminary sinkhole database is valuable for hazard planning and management.     

Saline water intrusion and its influence in the Laizhou area

ImODUcrIONSalinewaterintrusionwasfoundinIsraelqacobsetal.,l96O),Thailand(Sun,l989),Spain(Custodi0,l985)andtheFujiarea,Japan"'InChina,thelargescaleseawaterintru-sioninthelasttwentyyearshasgtaduallyforrneserious,totheextentthattheintrusionareanachedto4OO~5OOkm2inthecoastalareaofShandongProvince(Zha0,l99l,Xueetal.,l992,Qiu,l991).Thereareaisos0mesmallaff~areasinLia0dongPenin-sulaandthesouthcoastareaofChina,lbrexamPle,SubeiPlain(Zhouetal.,l988),GuangxiOi,l988;Chenetal.,l99O)andHainan-…