An Overview of Researches on Land-Atmosphere Interaction over Semi-Arid Region Under Global Changes

The semi-arid region, as a key part of global land, plays an important role in climate change. In the process of modern climate change, the semi-arid region is significantly affected by local human activities, showing remarkable expansion and obvious decadal variations. In this paper, we summarized the studies of the land-atmosphere interaction in the semi-arid regions in recent years, and major land surface observation plans. We put emphasis on energy balance, water cycle, carbon cycle in land-atmosphere interaction of climate change, and their performance in historical simulation and future prediction. The prediction results illustrate that new character of land-atmosphere interaction will appear as the drying of drylands in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction and move forward energetically on research in regional climate from different aspects.     

关键陆表参数遥感产品真实性检验方法研究进展

遥感产品真实性检验是定量遥感基础研究的重要环节,是客观评价遥感产品精度、稳定性和一致性的重要手段,对于提高遥感定量化水平、推动和扩展遥感产品的深化应用具有重要的意义。本文基于当前陆表参数遥感产品真实性检验研究的相关成果,归纳总结了陆表参数遥感产品真实性检验方法,并就其中的5种真实性检验方法,即基于地面单点测量检验、基于地面多点采样检验、基于高分辨率数据的检验、交叉检验和间接检验,阐述了各方法的特点、局限性、适用条件。文章在最后探讨了陆表关键参数遥感产品真实性检验评价指标和验证中影响精度评价的关键因素。本文对于遥感产品真实性检验工作的开展和真实性检验系统研发具有重要的指导意义。     

M6000型能见度仪与人工观测能见度差值分析

利用阳江气象站2013年7月至2014年3月的观测资料,分阶段探讨了M6000型能见度仪与人工观测能见度的差值特征及其造成原因,并探索了提高能见度仪观测质量的方法。结果显示：两者的差值主要集中在-20~30 km之间,且差值的绝对值随着能见度的增大而增大;总体上差值正常的时次占90%,在有天气现象时,自动观测能见度偏小比较明显,能见度小于等于5 km时负误差率最大,平均差值为负值且异常率最高。造成两者存在差值的原因是多方面的,除了人工观测的主观习惯性误差外,两者在概念、测量原理上的不同和仪器的维护不当也是造成差异的原因之一。通过加强能见度仪的日常维护,可以提高自动观测能见度的质量,用自动观测能见度来判断霾天比较接近实际,在雾天通过对自动观测值作适当的正向修正,也能提高两者的一致性,基本能够满足能见度自动化观测的要求。     

江苏富硒土壤成因类型及其元素相关性分析

在综合分析江苏区域生态地球化学调查和局部土地质量地球化学评估等相关数据的基础上，通过元素含量地球化学参数统计、相关分析和R型聚类分析等方法，探讨了江苏富硒土壤的主要成因类型及元素相关性特征。研究结果显示，江苏富硒土壤主要分为母岩型、沉积型、叠加型3大成因类型：母岩型富硒土壤源于富硒岩石，属于典型的原生富硒土壤，具有厚度大（最大厚度>150 cm）、Se含量高（多介于0.5～0.8 mg/kg之间）、与多数重金属元素无显著相关性等特点，其生态环境质量相对更优越，开发利用价值相对最高，岩石中Se的富集程度以及富硒岩层的产状、厚度、分布与地形条件是制约该类型富硒土壤生成与利用的关键因素；沉积型富硒土壤缘于特殊第四纪沉积作用，潟湖相沉积物是其基本成土母质，富硒土壤形成要经历成土母质初始富集、成土过程分选富集和成土后期表生富集3个阶段，土壤Se含量多在0.3 mg/kg左右，厚度多在30 cm左右，分布范围相对较大，土壤中Se与OM之间、多个元素对之间都具有显著正相关性，OM、pH、Eh、CEC、黏土矿物和Fe-Mn氧化物含量等都是制约该类型土壤Se迁移富集的重要因子，元素特征组合为Se-OM-N-CEC-Mg；叠加型富硒土壤缘于人为活动，其形成与自然成土过程或第四纪沉积作用基本无关，施肥、“三废”排放、河泥、粉煤灰扩散等可能是导致局部土壤富硒的主要因素，土壤Se含量一般为0.5～0.6 mg/kg，分布不均匀，富硒土壤厚度一般＜20 cm，元素特征组合为Se-Hg-As-Ca-pH，富硒土壤中As、Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属相对富集，开发利用此类富硒土壤须持审慎的态度。     

Uncertainty Evaluation of the Surface Water’sHeavy Metal Health Risk in Baiyun Mountain

The water environmental health risk assessment relates environmental pollution with human health, taking its risk degree as evaluation index, quantitatively describing the risk that pollution does great harm to human body. To understand the surface water’s heavy metal health risk in Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain, this study measured the nine sampling points in Baiyun Mountain’s south mountain and north mountain, including these physical and chemical indicators, such as water temperature, pH value, Cd, As, Cr, Hg, Pb, Mn, Cu,Zn and Ni, constructing the uncertainty evaluation model of the surface water’s heavy metal health risk in Baiyun Mountain(heavy metal including radioactive substances, chemical carcinogens and body toxic substances, etc.), having a fuzzy classification of the health risk assessment standard of the surface water’s heavy metal, further determining the membership degree and the belonging of the risk grade. By comparing the evaluation results of the uncertainty model and the deterministic model, the study found that: the surface water’s heavy metal health risk level was higher in Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain in 2012, being of the high grade and above, even achieving the highest grade; the surface water’s heavy metal health risk level of the north mountain was higher than the south mountain; the uncertainty evaluation model of the surface water’s heavy metal health risk was more reasonable and comprehensive to reflect the real situation of the surface water’s heavy metal quality concentration than the deterministic model. Besides, in the relevant references these questions on the total score of the health risk of the uncertainty evaluation model, the membership degree formula of the risk grade, etc. need further discussion.     

豫西骆驼山硫多金属矿床纹层状矿石硫化物Rb-Sr定年及S同位素组成对矿床成因的制约

已有研究在骆驼山硫多金属矿床成因方面存在较大争议,争论的焦点在于该矿床是否形成于中—新元古代的喷流沉积成矿作用。纹层状矿石曾被认为是喷流沉积成因矿床的重要证据之一,但也可能为热液交代成因。厘定骆驼山硫多金属矿床纹层状矿石的成矿时代和成矿物质来源是解决争议最为直接有效的途径。通过详细的野外地质观察,该型矿石在空间上主要产于矽卡岩与致密块状硫化物矿石之间,在透辉石长英角岩、矽卡岩及大理岩等围岩中也有分布,这种构造通常由不同金属矿物的纹层相间排列,以及金属矿物纹层与围岩纹层相间排列而成,地质特征表明纹层状矿石交代了矽卡岩。采用硫化物Rb-Sr同位素定年法对9件纹层状构造发育的硫化物样品(6件闪锌矿和3件磁黄铁矿)进行成矿年龄测定,获得闪锌矿和磁黄铁矿的等时线年龄为139.6±2.6Ma,表明骆驼山硫多金属矿床形成于早白垩世。纹层状矿石样品的S和Sr同位素测试结果表明,矿石的δ~(34)S值为+1.7‰~+3.3‰(平均值为+2.44‰),塔式分布特征明显;Sr同位素初始比值(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i介于0.709704~0.709943之间,平均值为0.709823,二者均反映骆驼山硫多金属矿床的成矿物质主要来自下地壳的深源岩浆。综上分析,结合野外地质调查和室内显微镜下观察,认为纹层状矿石是中生代岩浆热液成因,而非中—新元古代喷流沉积成因,进而表明骆驼山硫多金属矿床应属岩浆热液交代成因的矽卡岩型矿床。该结果对于今后在该矿集区乃至整个豫西地区寻找类似的硫多金属矿床具有一定的理论指导意义。     

The impacts of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet on weather extremes over China in early and late summer

Summer weather extremes (e.g., heavy rainfall, heat waves) in China have been linked to anomalies of summer monsoon circulations. The East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EASWJ), an important component of the summer monsoon circulations, was investigated to elucidate the dynamical linkages between its intraseasonal variations and local weather extremes. Based on EOF analysis, the dominant mode of the EASWJ in early summer is characterized by anomalous westerlies centered over North China and anomalous easterlies centered over the south of Japan. This mode is conducive to the occurrence of precipitation extremes over Central and North China and humid heat extremes over most areas of China except Northwest and Northeast China. The centers of the dominant mode of the EASWJ in late summer extend more to the west and north than in early summer, and induce anomalous weather extremes in the corresponding areas. The dominant mode of the EASWJ in late summer is characterized by anomalous westerlies centered over the south of Lake Baikal and anomalous easterlies centered over Central China, which is favorable for the occurrence of precipitation extremes over northern and southern China and humid heat extremes over most areas of China except parts of southern China and northern Xinjiang Province. The variability of the EASWJ can influence precipitation and humid heat extremes by driving anomalous vertical motion and water vapor transport over the corresponding areas in early and late summer.摘要东亚副热带西风急流是影响中国极端天气的重要原因之一, 然而之前的研究主要关注整个夏季急流的变率, 对其早夏和晚夏变率的区别及其对极端天气的影响关注较少. 本文研究了早夏和晚夏东亚副热带西风急流季节内变化特征的区别, 以及这种区别带来的极端天气的差异及其可能的动力学机制. 研究结果表明, 相比于早夏, 晚夏急流季节内变化中心位置偏西偏北, 通过改变垂直运动和水汽输送可以影响极端降水和湿热浪在相应区域的发生概率.     

定量遥感升尺度转换方法研究进展

尺度效应是地理科学中普遍存在的现象,制约着遥感等空间科学的发展。发展合理的尺度转换方法以促进遥感技术的全面应用迫在眉睫。本文分别从面—面升尺度转换、点—面升尺度转换两个角度对目前定量遥感领域存在的升尺度转换方法进行综述。其中,面—面升尺度转换方法按照转换原理可分为先反演后聚合、先聚合后反演两种;点—面升尺度转换方法依据定权策略可分为简单平均法、经验回归法、地统计方法、贝叶斯方法等。不同的升尺度转换方法具有各自的特点和优势,本文分别从模型构架、基本原理、特点、局限性和适用条件等方面对现有升尺度转换方法进行分析和讨论,并从离散型与连续型、统计型与物理型、普适型与针对型以及先验知识有和无4个方面总结了现有研究中存在的不足,剖析了升尺度转换研究中存在的问题与挑战,并预测了可能的发展方向。     

基于遥感影像的农村建筑物分类

利用面向对象的遥感影像信息提取方法对建筑物进行分类研究,选取张家口不同地区5个中等规模农村建筑为研究对象,根据建筑物特征信息从遥感影像上进行提取,根据信息提取调整后的结果进行建筑物分类,并与调研结果进行对比,结果表明:建筑物分类准确率达到80%以上,满足对张家口地区农村建筑物分类的需求,可以用来辅助完成对建筑物结构类型的实地调研,能够有效提高调研效率,服务于建筑物抗震设防调研。     

石家庄市应急避难场所信息管理系统设计与实现

基于石家庄市地震应急避难场所及医院的实际情况,利用百度地图API接口,开发了应急避难管理系统。该系统将避难场所及医院信息存储在MySQL数据库中,通过数据的检索、调用,将避难场所及医院的位置、面积、可容纳人数等信息显示在系统中。实现了信息展示、路线规划等功能,在突发事件发生后可减轻灾难损失,提高公共服务能力。