不同Eh条件下弱透水层中硝酸盐截留能力

为了研究硝酸盐在不同Eh条件下通过弱透水层的迁移机理及转化形式,用天然黏土作为渗透介质弱透水层,在高渗透压条件下进行室内实验,模拟地下水中硝酸盐通过弱透水层的迁移转化过程。结果表明：单位质量黏土截污容量为1.45 mg/g,阻截率R=92%,不同Eh条件下（Eh分别为0、-100、-200 mV）弱透水层对硝酸盐的阻截能力都很强;低氧化还原电位有利于弱透水层吸附硝酸盐。弱透水层中硝酸盐的转化途径表明,弱透水层对硝酸盐的阻截能力很强,是微孔隙截留作用、机械过滤、离子吸附、协同吸附以及较弱的微生物共同作用的结果。     

山丹多极距与单极距电阻率对比分析及干扰因素研究

利用山丹地震台2年多的多极距观测资料,并结合该台单一极距的观测资料,对比分析了2种观测方法的结果。结果显示,多极距观测在干扰排除和异常落实方面具备一定的优势;同一场地不同极距电阻率测值的相互佐证,可以为识别干扰和判定地震前兆异常的真实性提供帮助。     

数据同化在浅海温度同步性调查中的应用

建立了一个功能较为完善的四维同化系统,解决了温度调查资料中存在的同步性问题。为了检验同化方法和模式程序的正确性,以及讨论同步性误差的校正效果,从同化结果与锚系调查数据、同化结果与遥感数据、比对断面均方根误差和海表平均温度4个方面进行了探讨,结果表明:1)同化结果与锚系调查数据对比显示,改进参数的NMC方法(来自美国国家气象中心)能够适用于长江口外海域中的温度四维同化,同化温度结果与锚系调查数据在变化趋势上一致,在数值上最大差异不超过0.4℃;2)同化结果与遥感数据对比显示,同化结果能够将调查资料推演到完整的时空范围,并具有较好的变化趋势和精度;3)根据比对断面均方根误差分析,调查资料中两个比对断面温度间的均方差误差为3.8℃,而同化结果与实测数据的均方根误差低于0.6℃,说明同化方法有效地降低了调查资料中的同步性误差;4)海表平均温度分析显示,同化结果能够避免调查不同步引起的各种温度斑块,并且其温度分布和锋面结构能够更如实地反映实际情况。     

末次冰消期以来苏拉威西海颗石藻化石记录与古海洋变化

通过对苏拉威西海MD98-2178柱状样(3.62°N、118.70°E)颗石藻化石属种相对含量的统计,重建了2万年来海水古生产力、营养跃层的变化。其中Emiliania huxleyi、Gephyrocapsa oceanica、Florisphaera profunda占颗石藻群落的80%～90%。由于G.oceanica与F.profunda存在于两种完全不同的生态环境中,两者的变化趋势完全相反。前者代表高生产力以及高营养物质的海水,后者则代表低生产力与较深的营养跃层。推测冰消期颗石藻对环境变化具有两种响应模式:以约13.5ka的生产力峰值期为界,13.5ka之前颗石藻古生产力变化主要响应于径流对海洋营养物质的输入,而13.5ka之后则主要响应于海水-大气之间水循环的强度。全新世F.produnda含量及其所反映的营养跃层变化具有明显的百年尺度波动,与太阳活动的100～260a周期具有良好的相关性。推测全新世苏拉威西海区营养跃层变化受百年尺度的类似厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nino-Southern Osillation,ENSO)的变化及太阳活动的驱动。     

Modeling the runoff and glacier mass balance in a small watershed on the Central Tibetan Plateau,China, from 1955 to 2008

The glaciers on Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the catchment hydrology of this region. However, our knowledge with respect to water circulation in this remote area is scarce. In this study, the HBV light model, which adopts the degree‐day model for glacial melting, was employed to simulate the total runoff, the glacier runoff and glacier mass balance (GMB) of the Dongkemadi River Basin (DRB) at the headwater of the Yangtze River on the Tibetan Plateau, China. Firstly, the daily temperature and precipitation of the DRB from 1955 to 2008 were obtained by statistical methods, based on daily meteorological data observed in the DRB (2005–2008) and recorded by four national meteorological stations near the DRB (1955–2008). Secondly, we used 4‐year daily air temperature, precipitation, runoff depth and monthly evaporation, which were observed in the DRB, as input to obtain a set of proper parameters. Then, the annual runoff, the glacier runoff and GMB (1955–2008) were calculated using the HBV model driven by interpolated meteorological data. The calculated GMB fits well with the observed results. At last, using the temperature and precipitation predicted by climate models, we predicted the changes of runoff depth and GMB of the DRB in the next 40 years. Under all climate‐change scenarios, annual glacier runoff shows a significant increase due to intensified ice melting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High genetic diversity in gametophyte clones of Undaria pinnatifida from Vladivostok, Dalian and Qingdao revealed using microsatellite analysis

Breeding practice for Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar requires the screening of a large number of offspring from gametophyte crossings to obtain an elite variety for large-scale cultivation. To better understand the genetic relationships of different gametophyte cultures isolated from different sources, 20 microsatellite loci were screened and 53 gametophyte clone cultures analyzed for U. pinnatifida isolated from wild sporophytes in Vladivostok, Russia and from cultivated sporophytes from Dalian and Qingdao, China. One locus was abandoned because of poor amplification. At the sex-linked locus of Up-AC-2A8, 3 alleles were detected in 25 female gametophyte clones, with sizes ranging from 307 to 316 bp. At other loci, 3 to 7 alleles were detected with an average of 4.5 alleles per locus. The average number of alleles at each locus was 1.3 and 3.7 for Russian and Chinese gametophyte clones, respectively. The average gene diversity for Russian, Chinese, and for the combined total of gametophyte clones was 0.1, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively. Russian gametophyte clones had unique alleles at 7 out of the 19 loci. In cluster analysis, Russian and Chinese gametophyte clones were separated into two different groups according to genetic distance. Overall, high genetic diversity was detected in gametophyte clones isolated from the two countries. These gametophyte cultures were believed to be appropriate parental materials for conducting breeding programs in the future.     

Molecular identification and culture trials of Eutreptiella gymnastica (Eutreptiales, Euglenophyceae)

During a survey for marine microalgal resources, we isolated a rare marine euglenoid from the coastal waters of Qingdao, China in 2009, and established a pure culture. Electron microscopic and molecular phylogenetic (18S rDNA and 16S rDNA sequences) analyses revealed a close affinity with Eutreptiella gymnastica, a bloom-forming species. Different culture conditions were monitored to understand optimal E. gymnastica growth characteristics. The optimal growth conditions in a batch culture of this isolate were 20°C, 160 μmol photons/(m2×s) of white light, and a salinity of 10-31. Nutrient experiments demonstrated that growth increased dramatically with a phosphorus concentration greater than 72 μmol/L. Understanding the effect of culture conditions on E. gymnastica may help understanding the blooming mechanism of this alga in its natural environment.     

煤矿安全生产信息系统的设计与实施

 煤矿生产安全管理是一项复杂的系统工程,安全生产管理中的生产条件合理评估,应急情况下人员的避灾及救援是煤矿安全生产的研究热点。本文在分析国内煤矿安全生产现状的基础上,对煤矿安全生产信息系统进行了总体设计,探讨了系统的总体结构、数据组织,详细设计了井下运输、矿井通风、井下给排水、井下供电、安全应急等煤矿安全生产的业务应用功能,从技术实现的角度阐述了系统的开发环境、数据建库和系统集成等关键技术,以某煤矿为例,在Supermap平台上实现了避灾路径分析、运输网络、通风网络、供电网络、给排水网络分析等分析功能,为煤矿管理与安全生产提供了科学的决策支持。     

黄土高原地震滑坡与强震动记录数据库管理系统的构建与应用

地震滑坡资料与实际强震动记录是开展地震滑坡成灾机理研究的重要基础数据,如何科学管理这些数据资料,并最大限度地发挥其科学价值仍然是一个值得探索的问题。文章以黄土高原地区7次典型历史地震诱发黄土滑坡和125次地震(2001—2018年)的强震动记录为基础数据,依托开源GIS平台+MySQL数据库,构建黄土高原地震滑坡与强震动记录数据库管理系统。该系统界面规范、友好,参数获取方便,图表展示清晰、流畅,不仅为地震滑坡和强震动记录数据资料的管理与应用提供一个科学便捷的平台,也为黄土地震滑坡成灾机理研究提供坚实的数据基础,亦对黄土高原地区防灾减灾工作的开展具有一定的参考价值。     

Integrated Water Systems Model for Terrestrial Water Cycle Simulation

The terrestrial water cycle is influenced by a wide range of climatic variables and human disturbances. In the era of the Anthropocene, when humans drive the changes in atmospheric and hydrological processes in river basins, there is an urgent need to include human impacts in the study of the terrestrial water cycle. This paper focused on the large-scale hydrological modeling which takes account of human impacts, reviewed the research progress of the natural and human-induced changes in the terrestrial water cycle and the development of comprehensive terrestrial hydrological models in recent years, and proposed that an integrated water system model with human-related processes such as crop water demand model, engineering regulation and social water demand, be the key to large-scale water cycle simulations under changing environment. Based on the existing large-scale land surface hydrological model, there is a need to put forward the integration of the human-related processes. A comprehensive integrated water system model that considers multi-processes can help us to understand the key mechanisms of how climate change and human activity influence the regional water cycle. It also provides a theoretical and practical basis for investigating the causes and effects of changes in terrestrial water cycle under a changing environment, and thus offers scientific support for climate change adaptation in the water sector.