基于冲突—适配视角的土地利用可持续性评价

土地利用可持续性评价是土地系统科学与可持续发展交叉学科研究中一个重要内容,对识别区域土地利用与管理问题,制定可持续土地管理决策具有重要意义。本文从土地利用可持续内涵解析出发,提出了一种基于土地系统冲突与适配视角、适用于不同区域与时段的土地利用可持续评价框架,并以2000—2015年长三角地区为例进行实证分析。结果显示：① 基于土地系统外部发展施压及土地系统内部支撑角度,可以构建由“资源子系统冲突”“功能子系统冲突”“承载子系统冲突”“资源—功能适配性”“功能—承载适配性”组成的土地系统结构。并基于静力学平衡方程,通过计算结构支撑性与平衡性得到土地利用可持续性;② 长三角地区各项土地冲突适配指标中,土地系统功能冲突改善程度最高,但土地功能与承载适配程度最低。各项冲突适配指标具有显著的城乡、纬度、海陆空间分异特征;③ 长三角地区包含17种土地系统构型,呈现最稳定与最不稳定构型两极分布多、中间构型数量少的特征。长三角地区土地利用可持续性结果范围是0.20~1.58,其中浙江>安徽>长三角地区均值>江苏>上海,浙江诸暨市、安吉县等实施绿色发展战略地区显著高于江苏连云港市、如东县等实施传统经济主导型发展战略地区。本文可以为分析区域土地系统可持续性、设置土地可持续发展规划目标、探索土地系统转型方向提供思路与方法借鉴。     

QDQ2-1型电解水制氢设备压力系统的风险防控

QDQ2-1型电解水制氢,是目前我国高空气象探测站使用氢气的主要来源之一。基于制氢用氢工作的安全角度,通过分析QDQ2-1型电解水制氢设备压力系统在实际运行中容易出现的风险因素,从技术规定、安全管理、现场处置措施、应急预案的实施等方面,提出相应的风险防控措施,以确保设备在安全状态中运行,有效地遏制了安全事故的发生。     

基于极限位移准则和变形预测的滑坡变形潜势分析

为准确掌握库区滑坡变形潜势,在变形监测成果统计基础上,首先利用极限位移准则开展滑坡现状变形潜势分析;然后以相关向量机为理论基础,通过优化处理保证其参数最优性,构建滑坡变形预测模型,并以预测结果开展滑坡变形潜势的发展趋势评价;最后结合两种分析结果,实现滑坡综合变形潜势分析。结果表明,不同监测点的现状变形潜势状态存在一定差异,由不利原则可知,现状变形潜势等级为Ⅳ级,潜势程度属严重状态;滑坡变形仍会进一步增加,变形潜势趋于不利方向发展。综合两种分析结果可知,滑坡变形潜势处于不利状态,后期失稳可能性较大,应加强灾害防治,避免成灾损失。     

An assessment of global ocean wave energy resources over the last 45 a

Against the background of the current world facing an energy crisis,and human beings puzzled by the problems of environment and resources,developing clean energy sources becomes the inevitable choice to deal with a climate change and an energy shortage.A global ocean wave energy resource was reanalyzed by using ERA-40 wave reanalysis data 1957–2002 from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF).An effective significant wave height is defined in the development of wave energy resources(short as effective SWH),and the total potential of wave energy is exploratively calculated.Synthetically considering a wave energy density,a wave energy level probability,the frequency of the effective SWH,the stability and long-term trend of wave energy density,a swell index and a wave energy storage,global ocean wave energy resources were reanalyzed and regionalized,providing reference to the development of wave energy resources such as wave power plant location,seawater desalination,heating,pumping.     

Physicochemical effects on sulfite transformation in a lipid-rich Chlorella sp. strain

SO2 is very rapidly hydrated to sulfurous acid in water solution at pH value above 6.0,whereby sulfite is yielded from the disassociation of protons.We aimed to improve the sulfite transformation efficiency and provide a basis for the direct utilization of SO2 from flue gas by a microalgal suspension.Chlorella sp.XQ-20044 was cultured in a medium with 20 mmol/L sodium sulfite under different physicochemical conditions.Under light conditions,sulfite concentration in the algal suspension reduced linearly over time,and was completely converted into sulfate within 8 h.The highest sulfite transformation rate(3.25 mmol/(L·h)) was obtained under the following conditions:35°C,light intensity of 300μmol/(m2·s),NaHCO3 concentration of 6 g/L,initial cell density(OD540) of 0.8 and pH of 9-10.There was a positive correlation between sulfite transformation rate and the growth of Chlorella,with the conditions favorable to algal growth giving better sulfite transformation.Although oxygen in the air plays a role in the transformation of SO2-3 to SO2-4,the transformation is mainly dependent on the metabolic activity of algal cells.Chlorella sp.XQ-20044 is capable of tolerating high sulfite concentration,and can utilize sulfite as the sole sulfur source for maintaining healthy growth.We found that sulfite 20 mmol/L had no obvious effect on the total lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the algae.Thus,the results suggest it is feasible to use flue gas for the mass production of feedstock for biodiesel using Chlorella sp.XQ-20044,without preliminary removal of SO2,assuming there is adequate control of the pH.     

高分辨率GRAPES-GFS的动能谱及其转折特征分析

大量观测数据的计算表明,在对流层高层和平流层低层,大气动能谱在大尺度的斜率近似为k^-3,到中尺度转换为近似k^-5/3,动能谱的斜率及其转折特征可作为大气运动的基本规律检验数值模式。利用这一特征对GRAPES-GFS全球中期数值预报模式产品进行了检验评估。采用0.25°分辨率GRAPES-GFS模式2013年5月的预报场,分析了模式动能谱的垂直分布及动能谱的辐散分量和旋转分量。结果表明:在对流层高层和平流层低层(225—10 hPa),模式的动能谱曲线能较好地再现大气动能谱从大尺度过渡到中尺度的斜率转折特征,特别是在100 hPa附近动能谱的转折特征比较明显,但是动能谱斜率的绝对值较通常的观测结果(k^-3和k^-5/3)偏大;在大尺度范围,旋转分量在总动能谱中占优,随着波数的增大(尺度的减小)辐散分量逐渐与旋转分量相当甚至超过旋转分量。基于条件极值的思想提出一种计算转折点(拐点)的新方法,该方法能够较准确地计算出动能谱曲线拐点的位置,而且拐点位置随高度的变化与辐散和旋转分量谱交点位置随高度的变化一致。此外,还计算了辐散分量谱的斜率,发现其在中尺度范围内非常接近k^-5/3, 验证了其对总动能谱转折过程中的关键作用。综上,GRAPES-GFS模式能够准确地再现大气动能谱由大尺度到中尺度的斜率转折特征;与旋转分量相比,模式对动能谱辐散分量的描述更为准确,而且模式对旋转分量的较大误差导致了总动能谱的斜率绝对值偏大。     

Effect of Model Scale and Particle Size Distribution on PFC3D Simulation Results

This paper investigates the effect of model scale and particle size distribution on the simulated macroscopic mechanical properties, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, using the three-dimensional particle flow code (PFC3D). Four different maximum to minimum particle size (d _max/d _min) ratios, all having a continuous uniform size distribution, were considered and seven model (specimen) diameter to median particle size ratios (L/d) were studied for each d _max/d _min ratio. The results indicate that the coefficients of variation (COVs) of the simulated macroscopic mechanical properties using PFC3D decrease significantly as L/d increases. The results also indicate that the simulated mechanical properties using PFC3D show much lower COVs than those in PFC2D at all model scales. The average simulated UCS and Young’s modulus using the default PFC3D procedure keep increasing with larger L/d, although the rate of increase decreases with larger L/d. This is mainly caused by the decrease of model porosity with larger L/d associated with the default PFC3D method and the better balanced contact force chains at larger L/d. After the effect of model porosity is eliminated, the results on the net model scale effect indicate that the average simulated UCS still increases with larger L/d but the rate is much smaller, the average simulated Young’s modulus decreases with larger L/d instead, and the average simulated Poisson’s ratio versus L/d relationship remains about the same. Particle size distribution also affects the simulated macroscopic mechanical properties, larger d _max/d _min leading to greater average simulated UCS and Young’s modulus and smaller average simulated Poisson’s ratio, and the changing rates become smaller at larger d _max/d _min. This study shows that it is important to properly consider the effect of model scale and particle size distribution in PFC3D simulations.     

Hydrochemistry of the Gasikule Salt Lake,Western Qaidam Basin of China

正The Qaidam Basin is a large intermontane depression in Qinghai Province,China,which located on the northern margin of the Tibet plateau,and surrounded by the Qilian,Kunlun and Aljun mountains which rise to more than 5000m.Some 27 salt lakes occur within the basin,occupying an area of approximately 1500 km2.Additionally,there are extensive areas of dry playas.Together,the playas and salt lakes cover about one quarter of the total basin area.Whereas the western     

Discrete element simulation of mine tailings stabilized with biopolymer

This paper presents a series of numerical simulations using discrete element method (DEM) to study the behavior of biopolymer-stabilized mine tailings (MT). Validation is conducted by comparing the DEM results with the experimental data. The macro-behavior comparison shows that the DEM simulations are in good agreement with experimental results. Analysis of the micro-parameters indicates more biopolymer induces larger tensile and shear strengths, confirming the experimental results which show that the strength of MT increases with higher biopolymer concentration. Analysis of the bond breakage pattern suggests that at the same strain level MT stabilized with higher biopolymer concentration show less bond breakage percentage. MT specimen under greater confining pressure develops larger shear band than that under lower confining pressure. Higher biopolymer concentration induces the increase in larger inter-particle bonding strength and thus larger cracking resistance and greater macro-strength.     

江苏省商业网点的空间分布特征及其区域差异因素

以江苏省商业网点POI（兴趣点）数据为基础,结合经济社会统计数据,分别对批发零售业、住宿业和餐饮业三种业态类型,运用标准差椭圆、核密度、最近邻指数以及多元线性回归等分析方法,探讨不同发展水平、发展阶段城市商业网点的空间分布模式和业态结构特征,并揭示其区域差异的影响因素。研究发现：江苏省商业网点总体上具有西北走向分布态势,呈现相对集中分布格局,表现出在长江以南地区集聚和在地级城市中心城区密集布局的特征;不同业态类型网点空间分布具有差异,批发零售业网点的空间集聚特征最显著,住宿业网点的分布相对均衡;各市商业业态结构呈现出批发零售业和餐饮业网点数量为主,以及批发零售业销售额独大的特征;地区生产总值、人口规模、居民人均可支配收入、城市综合可达性以及第三次产业产值比重是影响商业网点分布的重要因素,不同因素对商业网点分布的影响程度差异性较大,居民消费能力和地区发展水平是江苏省商业网点分布差异的主要驱动力。