Evaluating the interactions between surface water and groundwater in the arid mid-eastern Yanqi Basin,northwestern China

The environment of Bosten Lake in the Mid-Eastern Yanqi Basin (MEYB), an arid inland area in northwest China, has deteriorated greatly due to increasing groundwater exploitation and changes in the interactions between groundwater and surface water. This study intended to simulate the spatio-temporal variability of groundwater and surface water across the entire MEYB over the period 2000–2013. The applicable groundwater flow model and mass balance calculation method for river water were constructed to evaluate the change in groundwater recharged by and discharged to different segments of the Kaidu River. Simulation results show that the entire river seepage in the MEYB increased from 1.05 to 6.17 × 10⁸ m³/year between 2000 and 2013. The increasing river seepage, induced by increasing groundwater exploitation, plays the most important role in the water level decline in the downstream reaches of the Kaidu River and in Bosten Lake. This implies that the current utilization of groundwater resources in the MEYB is unsustainable.     

光照对海菜花(Ottelia acuminata)种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理的影响

为研究滇池海菜花衰退消亡的原因,探讨其恢复的可能性,通过模拟实验研究了光照对海菜花种子萌发和幼苗生长及生理的影响.结果表明光照强度对海菜花种子萌发的影响不显著;光照强度显著影响海菜花幼苗的生长,其中71.8%和91.5%遮光条件下海菜花的平均叶片长度、叶片宽度和株高均显著高于无遮光和97.6%遮光条件下其平均叶片长度、叶片宽度和株高,平均生物量显著高于97.6%遮光条件下其平均生物量;实验中期不同光照条件下,海菜花叶片叶绿素a含量差异显著,其中71.8%遮光条件下海菜花叶片叶绿素a含量显著高于无遮光和97.6%遮光条件下其含量;光照强度对海菜花叶片过氧化物酶活性影响不显著.富营养化导致的水体透明度低、光照强度弱不影响海菜花种子萌发,但影响了海菜花的生长发育和生理特性,进而可能影响了海菜花的繁殖,这可能是滇池海菜花消亡的原因之一.因此恢复海菜花必须提高水体透明度,改善光照强度.     

1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落变化

通过野外调查并结合历史数据对洪湖沉水植被进行长时间序列变化研究,构建自1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的群落分布图并计算其面积.结果表明:穗状狐尾藻群落面积从1950s占全湖的6%增加至1990s的65%,而后急剧下降至2010年的2%,然后又恢复至2014年的15%;微齿眼子菜群落面积从1950s的10%增至1990s的65%,然后下降至2014年的38%;金鱼藻群落面积从1980s的6%增至1990s的39%,2010年以后则稳定在25%;轮叶黑藻群落面积1950s占全湖的32%,随后急剧下降至1980s的6%,2000年以后逐步增加,至2014年为15%.1950s1990s,穗状狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻群落分布范围从周边向湖心扩展,而轮叶黑藻群落从湖中心消失;2000年以后洪湖沉水植物群落分布破碎化明显.分析认为,1950s 1990s的围垦和水文过程变化,1990s 2005年的围网养殖、水生植物过度利用以及由此导致的水质恶化等,以及2006年至今开展的拆围和生态修复是导致这些变化的主要因素.建议取缔围网,控制入湖水质,提高水体透明度,促进水生植被恢复,但同时增加水位变幅,促进植物资源合理利用,避免沼泽化重演.     

Three-dimensional velocity structure around the focal area of the 2021 MS6.4 Yangbi earthquake

On May 21, 2021, an M_S6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi, Yunnan province, China, which exhibited typical foreshock-mainshock-aftershock characteristics. To better understand the velocity structure of the focal area and adjacent fault zones, Pg/Sg travel times at 12 seismic stations for the local earthquakes with M_L ≥ 1.5 from 2009–2019 and the Yangbi sequence in May of 2021 were used to invert the three-dimensional (3D) structures for both v_P and v_P/v_S. The obtained structure extends deeply to 15 km for area (25°N–26.5°N, 99.5°E–101°E) at a horizontal resolution of 10× 10 km, and the accuracy of the v_P velocity was verified using airgun signals excited by the Binchuan Airgun Transmitting Seismic Station (BATSS). The resulting v_P and v_P/v_S images correlate with existing fault zones and the Yangbi sequence, including: (1) The shallow velocity structure at 0 km agrees with local topography, where the Binchuan basin exhibits low-v_P and high-v_P/v_S values. From 3–15 km, v_P and v_P/v_S show variations, and the boundaries are consistent with the main faults (e.g., the Weixi-Qiaohou-Weishan, Honghe, and Chenghai faults). (2) The largest foreshock (M_S5.6), mainshock (M_S6.4), and largest aftershock (M_S5.2) occurred near the boundaries where both v_P and v_P/v_S have clear contrasts. (3) Small earthquakes are also concentrated in the transition zone between high- and low-v_P and v_P/v_S anomalies, and are biased toward low-v_P/v_S zones. (4) Boundaries in v_P and v_P/v_S are observed at 20 km west of the Weixi-Qiaohou-Weishan fault, indicating that there may exist one hidden fault.     

修正扩维无迹卡尔曼滤波算法研究

在脉冲星导航中,角位置误差是主要的误差源之一。因此本文基于X射线脉冲星导航,提出了一种修正扩维无迹卡尔曼滤波(MASUKF)算法进行角位置误差的改进。MASUKF算法在原扩维无迹卡尔曼滤波(ASUKF)算法的基础上加入了Roamer延迟的高阶项,并将其作为误差项,将修改后的误差项代入状态方程与量测方程中,即可进行仿真分析。在仿真中,首先将ASUKF算法与UKF算法进行对比仿真模拟试验,结果显示ASUKF算法能显著地提高约45 m的定位精度,在X、Y、Z 3方向的速度误差估计精度约提高了20%;然后比较ASUKF与MASUKF算法,结果显示MASUKF算法较ASUKF算法的速度误差与位置误差的估计精度均提高2%以上。     

Impact of cultivated land fragmentation on spatial heterogeneity of agricultural agglomeration in China

Systematically revealing the impact of cultivated land fragmentation(CLF) on the geographical agglomeration pattern of agricultural specialization(AS) has positive significance for national agricultural production management. Based on the data of the second national land survey and agricultural production, this study has explored the impact of CLF on spatial heterogeneity of agricultural agglomeration in China by comprehensively using the Theil index, ordinary least square model and geographically weighted regression. Results showed that:(1) the regional differentiation of the CLF in China is obvious, and the cultivated land fragmentation index is generally characterized by increasing pattern from northwest to southeast.(2) Spatially, the development level of AS in China has formed three high-value clusters in the Northeast China Plain, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the middle of the Middle-lower Yangtze Plain; and the low-value contiguous areas centered on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Sichuan Basin and surrounding regions, with significant spatial differences. The contribution of grain crops, economic crops, and vegetables and melon to the level of AS was 74.63%, 9.09%, and 16.28%, respectively, and the pattern of agricultural geographical aggregation dominated by grain crops has primarily taken in shape.(3) CLF is significantly negatively correlated with AS, and every 1% increase in the degree of CLF will result in a decrease of about 0.2% in AS. However, the impact of CLF on the geographic agglomeration of different crop categories or groups varies significantly. Among them, CLF has a prominent impact on the specialization level of grain crops and vegetables and melon. Each 1% increase in the CLF will reduce the specialization level of grain crops by 0.38%, and increase the level of vegetables and melon by about 0.22%.(4) According to the landscape characteristics of cultivated land, the degree of spatial division and agglomeration of cultivated land patches have a significant impact on the formation of geographical agglomerationpattern of AS, and the intensity and direction of influence show significant regional differentiation, while the patch size has no significant impact.     

Interannual variability of SST,SLA and wind waves in the Hawaii area and their responses to ENSO

Time series of sea surface temperature (SST),wind speed and significant wave height (SWH) from meteorologicalbuoys of the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) are useful for studying the interannual variability and trend of these quantities at the buoy areas.The measurements from 4 buoys (B51001,B51002,B51003 and B51004) in the Hawaii area are used to study theresponses of the quantities to EI Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Long-term averages of these data reflect precise seasonaland climatological characteristics of SST,wind speed and SWH around the Hawaii area.Buoy observations from B51001 suggest asignificant warming trend which is,however,not very clear from the other three buoys.Compared with the variability of SST andSWH,the wind speeds from the buoy observations show an increasing trend.The impacts of El Nifio on SST and wind waves arealso shown.Sea level data observed by altimeter during October 1992 to September 2006 are analyzed to investigate the variabilityof sea level in the Hawaii area.The results also show an increasing trend in sea level anomaly (SLA).The low-passed SLA in theHawaii area is consistent with the inverse phase of the low-passed Sol (Southern Oscillation Index).Compared with the low-passedSOl and PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation),the low-passed PNA (Pacific-North America Index) has a better correlation with thelow-passed SLA in the Hawaii area.     

1993-2010年洞庭湖湿地动态变化

利用不同时相遥感影像,结合实地调查,采用决策树分类方法提取洞庭湖湿地信息,完成洞庭湖四期湿地类型分布图;同时分析洞庭湖湿地植被群落动态变化特征、驱动因素以及湿地变化的影响.结果表明,17 a来洞庭湖滩地植被分布和面积发生了明显变化,林滩地面积净增367.88 km2,变化比例为1127.51%,分布范围向洲滩主体扩展,成为主要滩地类型;芦苇滩地面积减少44.09 km2,草滩地面积增加2.99 km2,变化比例分别为-5.80%和0.40%.洞庭湖湿地的变化一方面受洞庭湖泥沙淤积和滩地植被演替的影响,另一方面也受到人类活动干扰的影响.天然湿地植被的破坏,特别是人工种植芦苇和滩地造林在一定程度上改变了洞庭湖湿地生态系统原有的结构和功能.为有效保护洞庭湖湿地,要合理开发洲滩资源,保护天然湿地植被,合理规划和控制滩地造林.     

Carbon emissions induced by farmland expansion in China during the past 300 years

Scientific assessment of the accounting over carbon in the terrestrial ecosystem in the process land use/land cover changes caused by human activities will help reduce the uncertainty in estimating carbon emissions from the terrestrial ecosystem. This study employs a bookkeeping model to estimate the carbon emissions from farmland reclamation in China during the past 300 years based on the annual rate of land use changes(derived from historical natural vegetation, farmland data), preset carbon density and coefficients of disturbance curves. We find out that:(1) there was a net increase of 79.30×10~4km~2 in national farmland; about 65% of reclaimed farmland had been forest land and 26% of that had been grass land previously;(2) the total amount of carbon emissions from farmland expansion in China had been between 2.94 and 5.61 Pg with the median 3.78 Pg during the past 300 years; specifically, carbon emissions of vegetation were 1.58 Pg while those of soil ranged from 1.35 Pg to4.03 Pg with the median 2.20 Pg;(3) carbon emissions vary greatly across various ecosystems: the emissions were most from forest land, and then grass land and swamps, and the least from shrubs; deserts functioned more likely to be carbon stock in the process of land reclamation;(4) along the time line, carbon emissions had decreased first and then increased while the peak emissions occurred in the first half of 20 th century; and spatially, carbon emissions were most released in Northeast and Southwest China; Northwest China was of the minimum carbon emissions.     

峨眉山花岗岩年代学及构造环境意义

峨眉山花岗岩位于扬子板块西缘,出露于峨眉山背斜核部,该区在新元古代时期岩浆活动强烈.为了探讨该地区的岩浆岩成因以及构造环境,本次研究对峨眉山花岗岩进行了岩石学、岩相学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学研究.峨眉山花岗岩主要由似斑状正长花岗岩和似斑状二长花岗岩组成,锆石U-Pb测年结果表明其分别形成于772.8±7.9 Ma...