地图综合的智能体技术——以土地利用图斑综合为例

<正>地图综合是地图数据生产的核心环节,一直以来都是地图学科的难点问题。本文针对地图综合智能化和自动化程度不高的现状与土地利用数据综合的工程需求,应用智能体技术对地图综合过程进行建模分析以提高其自动化和智能化程度,以土地利用图斑多边形数据为例进行试验以提高土地利用数据综合的效率。全文主要包括以下内容。(1)对数字技术下的地图综合概念、类型、专家系统和智能体技术的应用进行了现状分析并提出观点:地图     

西藏高原达则错湖泊铀富集特征

达则错位于班怒构造带的次级盆地中,湖水最深为36 m,平均深度为20.8 m。湖表水体矿化度17.27~20.27 g/L,平均为19.46 g/L,水化学类型为(CO₃+HCO₃)·SO₄-Na型,属弱度碳酸盐型咸水湖;在垂向上,由浅及深矿化度略有增加,水化学类型不变。湖表水体铀浓度264~324μg/L,平均铀浓度为286μg/L,8 m、18 m和28 m深度铀浓度平均值分别为288μg/L、290μg/L和300μg/L。湖底沉积物铀含量为2.31~4.08μg/g,平均铀含量为3.16μg/g,略高于我国东海大陆架海底沉积物的铀含量。达则错湖水的铀元素来自于周边岩体和地层,通过河水迁移到湖泊中。在河口混合带,铀酰离子部分吸附于悬浮物上,到湖区以碳酸铀酰的形式存在于水体中,沉淀于湖底的悬浮物铀含量没有明显增加。     

鄂尔多斯盆地双龙地区延长组长6致密油成藏主控因素

双龙地区为延长油田长6致密油勘探的重要区域,目前对区块致密油富集主控因素的认识仍存不足。基于此依据19口井的岩心资料、128口井的测井资料及26口井的试油试采资料,结合19口井的实验测试结果在成藏地质条件和致密油聚集特征进行精细分析的基础上对致密油成藏主控因素进行研究。结果表明:研究区致密油成藏地质条件良好,油水分布复杂。沉积微相及储层物性为控制致密油成藏的首要条件,单层为4 m以上的浊积水道砂体,储层孔隙度大于5.4%,渗透率大于0.16×10^-3μm²,致密油易富集;过剩压力影响油藏的平面分布,致密油多聚集在过剩压力系数相对低值区(过剩压力系数约为0.24~0.32);泥岩盖层能够形成良好的遮挡,有利于致密油就近聚集,也是造成油水关系复杂的重要原因。因此在满足砂体发育、储层物性条件的前提下,遵循过剩压力系数局部低值、泥岩盖层有效遮挡的原则,划定长6段有利勘探区域11个,以指导双龙地区致密油勘探开发工作。     

10Be Exposure Ages Obtained From Quaternary Glacial Landforms on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Surrounding Area

In situ terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure dating using ¹⁰Be is one of the most successful techniques used to determine the ages of Quaternary deposits and yields data that enable the reconstruction of the Quaternary glacial history of the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding mountain ranges. Statistical analysis of TCN ¹⁰Be exposure ages, helps to reconstruct the history of glacial fluctuations and past climate changes on the Tibetan Plateau, differences in the timing of glacier advances among different regions. However, different versions of the Cosmic‐Ray‐prOduced NUclide Systematics on Earth (CRONUS‐Earth) online calculator, which calculates and corrects the TCN ages of Quaternary glacial landforms, yield different results. For convenience in establishing contrasts among regions, in this paper, we recalculate 1848 ¹⁰Be exposure ages from the Tibetan Plateau that were published from 1999 to 2017 using version 2.3 of the CRONUS‐Earth calculator. We also compare the results obtained for 1594 ¹⁰Be exposure ages using different versions (2.2, 2.3 and 3.0) of the CRONUS‐Earth calculator. The results are as follows. (1) Approximately 97% of the exposure ages are less than 200 ka. A probability density curve of the exposure ages suggests that greater numbers of oscillations emerge during the Holocene, and the peaks correspond to the Little Ice Age, the 8.2 ka and 9.3 ka cold events; the main peak covers the period between 12 and 18 ka. (2) In most areas, the newer versions of the calculator produce older ¹⁰Be exposure ages. When different versions of the CRONUS‐Earth calculator are used, approximately 29% of the ¹⁰Be exposure ages display maximum differences greater than 10 ka, and the maximum age difference for a single sample is 181.1 ka.     

海量点云数据等高线生成算法研究

针对大范围高精度的等高线快速生成问题,提出一种基于三维激光扫描海量点云数据快速生成等高线的新方法。该方法将流处理算法引入到海量点云数据处理中,基于流处理算法的三角剖分、三角网模型平滑及等高线提取等关键技术完成等高线快速生成。结果表明,基于流处理的算法不仅突破了点云数据量和范围的限制,而且能够高效地生成高质量的等高线以满足地形测量要求。     

清代耕地数据恢复重建方法与实证研究

本文尝试构建一套适用于清代耕地数据的修正校验体系,以清代官方册载田亩数据为基础,采用人口基数和垦殖趋势进行检验和订正,通过替换、引用、衔接对比等方法进行数据修正,重建清代耕地数据,以期为后续相关研究提供参考.在建立理论分析框架的基础上,本文以历史资料相对丰富的山东省为例,对清代山东省的耕地数据进行修正与校验,结果表明：① 清代山东省的册载田亩数据不实情况普遍,经要素法修正的数据虽然通过了人口检验,但未能通过垦殖趋势校验,有必要进行进一步的订正和校准;② 在修正和校验过程中应综合考虑不同省份间垦殖政策、种植制度、自然条件等的差异,从修正系数到校验重点进行因时因地调整;③ 清前期山东省耕地增长主要受限于劳动力供给,耕地面积接近于劳动力供给线,随着人口的增长,耕地面积逐渐趋向于温饱线.同治以后,耕地面积开始低于温饱线,需要依靠粮食输入才能满足人口需求,山东省由粮食输出省变为粮食输入省.     

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of waste liquid extract from Apostichopus japonicus Selenka processing

Apos tichopus japonicus Selenka is an ideal tonic food that is used traditionally in many Asian countries, and it contains many bioactive substances, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer materials. To convert waste liquid generated during production into a useful resource, extract from waste liquid was isolated by column chromatography and studied by the pyrogallol autoxidation and 1,10-phenanthroline-Fe²⁺ oxidation methods. Results show that the extract scavenged about 91% of the superoxide anion radical at a concentration of 1.4 mg/mL and 24% of the hydroxyl radical at 3.3 mg/mL. Four compounds were isolated and identified from the extract: 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-azine; 2,4-dihydroxy-1,3-diazine; 3-O-[β-D-quinovopranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-sodium sulfate-β-D-xylopranosyl]-holosta-9(11)-ene-3β,12α,17α-triol; and 24-ethyl-5α-cholesta-7-ene-3β-O-β-D-xylopyranoside. All of these compounds are known in A. japonicus, and were found in the waste liquid for the first time.     

戈壁表层沉积物地球化学元素组成及其沉积意义

作为干旱、半干旱区的一类重要荒漠景观,戈壁在中国分布面积较广,其独特的物质组成和沉积特征对解释它的物源和发生过程有重要的意义.本文通过筛分处理对戈壁表层不同粒径沉积物地球化学元素组成进行了分析.结果表明:各类戈壁表层沉积物的主要元素组成特征基本相似,但不同粒级沉积物主要元素的含量略有差异.与UCC的平均化学组成相比,戈壁表层沉积物中主要元素除Si基本与UCC保持一致外,其余各主要元素均在不同程度上表现出了富集和淋失特征,微量元素在两大类型戈壁中随沉积物粒径的变化与主要元素基本一致.在极端干旱的气候条件下戈壁表层沉积物缺少有效的化学风化过程,基本处在未受或较弱的大陆化学风化的初、中级阶段.各个粒级的沉积物在经历侵蚀和风化过程中较好的继承关系表明,戈壁砾石层下伏的细粒沉积层不是外源搬运沉淀,而是局地岩屑通过就地风化和成壤作用形成.     

Triple oxygen isotope constraints on the origin of ocean island basalts

Understanding the origin of ocean island basalts(OIB) has important bearings on Earth's deep mantle.Although it is widely accepted that subducted oceanic crust, as a consequence of plate tectonics, contributes material to OIB's formation, its exact fraction in OIB's mantle source remains ambiguous largely due to uncertainties associated with existing geochemical proxies. Here we show, through theoretical calculation, that unlike many known proxies, triple oxygen isotope compositions(i.e.D^(17 )O) in olivine samples are not affected by crystallization and partial melting. This unique feature, therefore, allows olivine D^(17 )O values to identify subducted oceanic crusts in OIB's mantle source. Furthermore, the fractions of subducted ocean sediments and hydrothermally altered oceanic crust in OIB's mantle source can be quantified using their characteristic D^(17 )O values. Based on published D^(17 )O data, we estimated the fraction of subducted oceanic crust to be as high as 22.3% in certain OIB, but the affected region in the respective mantle plume is likely to be limited.     

1958—2001年全球海域海表风速变化趋势

基于ECMWF的ERA-40海表10m风场,对1958—2001年全球海表风速的变化趋势进行分析,主要分析了整体变化趋势、变化趋势的季节性差异、区域性差异、变化周期。结果表明:①近44年期间,全球海域海表风速整体上以0.0067m·s-1·a-1的速度显著性逐年线性递增。1958—1975年全球海域的海表风速变化较为平缓,1975—1983年递增趋势较为强劲,年平均海表风速的峰值出现在1999年,波谷出现在1975年。②全球海表风速的变化趋势表现出较大的区域性差异。递增趋势明显的区域主要分布于:南极、热带大西洋海域、北太平洋西风带海域、印度洋中低纬度海域、南半球60°S附近大面积带状海域;呈显著性逐年递减的区域主要分布于:赤道中东太平洋、胡安·费尔南德斯群岛附近海域、南大西洋西风带的中部海域,以及一些零星海域。③全球海表风速的变化趋势表现出较大的季节性差异。在各月均表现出显著的线性递增趋势,以1月的递增趋势最为强劲,达到0.0103m·s-1·a-1,7月的递增趋势弱于其余月份,约0.0033m·s-1·a-1。④全球海域海表风速存在明显的2.2~4.3年变化周期,以及6.5年以上长周期震荡。