Advances in Geochemical Study of Phytolith Occluded Carbon

Phytoliths, also called amorphous silica particles, have a great geochemical stability and could occlude a certain amount of organic carbon during the forming process. At present, phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is recognized as one of long-term stable carbon sequestration mechanisms and has significant influence on regulating global climate change. At the same time, PhytOC isotope research has great value for paleo-environment, paleo-climate reconstruction and other fields. Therefore, more scholars pay attention to the PhytOC geochemical research. Based on the current research status, we summarized the current state of understading about phytolith forming process, elemental composition, geochemical stability, PhytOC sink and PhytOC isotope application for paleo-environment reconstruction. We also summarized the main problems of geochemical research on phytolith and PhytOC, which will make great contribution to further research on phytolith geochemical research.     

Stability design charts for homogeneous slopes under typical conditions based on the double shear strength reduction technique

Based on a brief review of the existing shear strength reduction (SSR) techniques, the objective function of the comprehensive safety factor for simple homogeneous slopes is established by combining the double SSR technique (considered the shortest pathway of the strength reduction) with the upper bound limit analysis theorem, leading to a strict upper bound on the safety factor. Combining nonlinear sequential quadratic programming (SQP) with the random walk method, the value of the comprehensive safety factor can be optimized, avoiding the trap of a local minimum. Compared with classical examples, the present method is a conservative and effective method for slope stability evaluation. A set of design charts for homogeneous slopes under simple and typical conditions, such as surcharge load, pore water pressure, and seismic loading are produced by the analysis of substantial data, which can eliminate the necessity for iterations when calculating the safety factor. These stability charts are presented in a convenient manner to determine the comprehensive safety factors and corresponding failure patterns under different typical conditions, which might be preferred by engineers for performing the preliminary evaluations of slope safety. Several examples are used to illustrate the application of these stability charts under different conditions.     

1979-2012年北极海冰运动学特征初步分析

利用美国冰雪数据中心(NSIDC)发布的海冰速度和范围数据,本文分析了1979—2012年间北极海冰的运动学特征,以及北极海冰运动与分布范围演变之间的关系。结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的2007和2012年高分辨率的气压场、风场数据,探讨了北极风场和气压场与海冰运动、辐散辐合和海冰面积的关系。结果表明,在1979-2012年间北极海冰平均运动速度呈显著增强的趋势,冬季海冰平均运动速度增加趋势明显强于夏季;北极、波弗特-楚科奇海域和弗拉姆海峡的冬、夏季海冰平均运动速度的增加率分别为2.1%/a和1.7%/a、2.0%/a和1.6%/a以及4.9%/a和2.2%/a。1979-2012年北极海冰平均运动速度和范围的相关性为-0.77,二者存在显著的负相关关系。北极冬季和夏季风场的长期变化趋势与海冰平均运动速度的变化趋势一致,冬季和夏季的相关系数分别为0.50和0.48。风场和气压场对海冰的运动、辐散及重新分布发挥着重要作用。2007年夏季,第234~273天波弗特海域一直被高压系统控制,波弗特涡旋加强,使得波弗特海域海冰聚集在北极中央区;顺时针的风场促使海冰向格陵兰岛和加拿大北极群岛以北聚合。2012年,白令海峡和楚科奇海域处于低压和高压系统的交界处,盛行偏北风,海冰从北极东部往西部输运,加拿大海盆的多年海冰因离岸运动而辐散,向楚科奇海域的海冰输运增加,受太平洋入流暖水影响,移入此区域的海冰加速融化,从而加剧海冰的减少。     

国外蒸发研究的进展

随着地表能量交换与物质迁移过程研究的深入及水资源合理利用与管理定量化的迫切要求,蒸发问题越来越受到人们的重视,研究蒸发的紧迫性与重要性也愈来愈明显。国际上对蒸发的研究已有近三百年的历史,至今已取得了一系列成果。Dalton 1802年首先综合了风及空气温、湿度对蒸发的影响提出了著名的道尔顿蒸发定律,它对近代蒸发理论的创立有决定性的作用。     

南盘江上游河网纵剖面图像及其构造指示意义

由红河断裂带和小江断裂带(鲜水河-小江断裂带)围限的川滇块体是亚洲大陆晚新生代被挤出的众多块体之一。南盘江上游流域跨越了川滇块体以及前人推测的由红河断裂带活动形成的滇东"压缩"变形区。本文选择南盘江上游流域作为研究区,试图通过河流地貌的方法研究川滇块体的挤出活动对周边地区的影响以及识别滇东"压缩"变形区是否存在。使用DLR(德国宇航中心)数字高程数据制作了该流域的河网纵剖面图像,并通过图像预分析(分析岩性、人类工程以及灾害事件的影响)和野外调查后进行构造解译。解译的结果显示:1)流域内存在4个构造掀斜区(W区为华溪河流域、S区为泸江流域、E1区为甸溪河中部和E2区为中和营河流域)和1个局部整体抬升区(M区为本研究区中部),其中S区和M区与现今地壳垂直形变速率图像有相似的活动表现,S区保持自南西向北东倾斜特征,M区保持整体抬升特征;2)流域的东南部存在一条北东向的构造差异抬升分界线(L1);3)E1区存在一个差速活动(非同步活动)的左行左阶断裂系。研究结果表明,断层差速活动(非同步活动)是青藏高原东南缘构造变形中的一种重要调节机制;滇东"压缩"变形区是存在的,且与小江断裂带关系密切,但其范围没有前人推测的那么大;S区的掀斜抬升活动与红河断裂带的活动相关,并具有某些继承性特征。     

Solitary Wave Simulated by the Water Column Collapsing Method

China Ocean Engineering - Although solitary waves with large ratio of wave height to water depth are difficult to produce in laboratory settings by traditional wave generating methods, a water...     

Shaking table test on the seismic failure characteristics of a subway station structure on liquefiable ground

In order to investigate the seismic failure characteristics of a structure on the liquefiable ground, a series of shaking table tests were conducted based on a plaster model of a three‐story and three‐span subway station. The dynamic responses of the structure and ground soil under main shock and aftershock ground motions were studied. The sand boils and waterspouts phenomena, ground surface cracks, and earthquake‐induced ground surface settlements were observed in the testing. For the structure, the upward movement, local damage and member cracking were obtained. Under the main shock, there appeared longer liquefaction duration for the ground soil while the pore pressure dissipated slowly. The acceleration amplification effect of the liquefied soil was weakened, and the soil showed a remarkable shock absorption and concentration effect with low frequency component of ground motion. However, under the aftershock, the dissipation of pore pressure in the ground soil became obvious. The peak acceleration of the structure reduced with the buried depth. Dynamic soil pressure on the side wall was smaller in the middle and larger at both ends. The interior column of the model structure was the weakest member. The peak strain and damage degree for both sides of the interior column exhibited an ‘S’ type distribution along the height. Moreover, the seismic response of both ground soil and subway station structure exhibited a remarkable spatial effect. The seismic damage development process and failure mechanism of the structure illustrated in this study can provide references for the engineers and researcher. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二维Vondrak滤波在高程异常拟合中的应用

将二维Vondrak滤波与多面函数拟合相结合应用到高程异常的拟合中,实例证明此方法在高程异常拟合中的应用是可行的,与单纯的多面函数拟合法相比,最大精度可提高76.4%,中误差降低54.72%。     

国际地震中心(ISC)2009—2011发展战略

引言 本文确定了国际地震中心（ISC）的下一步发展战略。它经ISC执行委员会在2008年6月8-9日萨彻姆（Thatcham）会议上考虑并获得支持。ISC理事会在2009年1月11日开普敦（Cape Town）会议期间原则上批准了此战略规划。规划中还对ISC理事会成员在会后一个月内提交的校正／修改意见予以考虑。     

梁花园矿井涌水量估算

梁花园矿井为筹建中煤矿,为了给矿井排水系统的设计、施工和煤炭开采提供可靠的依据,采用地下水动力学公式估算法和水文地质比拟法两种方法,估算出新生界松散层第三含水层（底含）涌水量、主采72煤层顶底板砂岩裂隙含水层涌水量和太灰岩溶裂隙含水层涌水量。