Aerodynamic grain‐size distribution of blown sand

Aeolian sand entrainment, saltation and deposition are important and closely related near surface processes. Determining how grains are sorted by wind requires a detailed understanding of how aerodynamic sand transport processes vary within the saltating layer with height above the bed. Grain‐size distribution of sand throughout the saltation layer and, in particular, how the associated flux of different grain size changes with variation in wind velocity, remain unclear. In the present study, a blowdown wind tunnel with a 50 cm thick boundary layer was used to investigate saltating sand grains by analyzing the weight percentage and transport flux of different grain‐size fractions and the mean grain size at different wind velocities. It was found that mean grain size decreases with height above the sand bed before undergoing a reversal. The height of the reversal point ranges from 4 to 40 cm, and increases with wind velocity following a non‐linear relationship. The content of the finer fractions (very fine and fine sand) initially increases above the sand bed and then decreases slightly with height, whereas that of the coarser fractions (medium and coarse sand) exhibits the opposite trend. The content of coarser grains and the mean grain size of sand in the saltation layer increase with wind velocity, indicating erosional selectivity with respect to grains in multi‐sized sand beds; but this size selectivity decreases with increasing wind velocity. The vertical mass flux structure of fine sand and very fine sand does not obey a general exponential decay pattern under strong wind conditions; and the coarser the sand grain, the greater the decrease rate of their transport mass with height. The results of these experiments suggest that the grain‐size distribution of a saltating sand cloud is governed by both wind velocity and height within the near‐surface boundary layer.     

深埋长大隧道围岩分类评价的探讨与应用

随着国内外深埋长大隧道规模的增大和工程项目的增多，其围岩分类，评价愈显重要和迫切。深埋长大隧道地质环境条件复杂，施工前期勘探工程量少，控制程度低，勘夺分类，评价极为困难。在总结当前隧道围岩分类，评价方法的基础上，针对其目前存在的问题及不足，结合具体工程探讨了深埋长大隧道围岩分类，评价的实现方法问题。     

新马德里地震影响评估项目最新进展

畅销书Peaceof Mindin Earthquake Country最新版已完成创作并出版发行,新版内容更加丰富多彩。此书问世30年来为各地百姓在面对毁灭性地震时怎样保护亲人及家园的安全提供了很大帮助。     

Occurrence of Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the North Qilian Mountains, northwest China: Evidence of Cambrian arc magmatism on the Qilian Block

Field relationships, mineralogy and petrology, whole‐rock chemistry, and age of the Zhamashi mafic–ultramafic intrusion in the North Qilian Mountains, northwest China, have been studied in the present work. The Zhamashi intrusive body consists of ultramafic, gabbroic, and dioritic rocks in a crudely concentrically zoned structure. The ultramafic rocks are layered cumulates with rock types varying continuously from dunite through wehrlite and olivine clinopyroxenite to clinopyroxenite. The gabbroic and dioritic rocks are also layered or massive cumulates with rock types varying continuously from noritic gabbro through hornblende gabbro to diorite. The ultramafic and adjoining gabbroic rocks are discontinuous in lithology and discordant in structure across the interface. The interface is steep, sharp, and fractured. Contact metamorphic zones are well developed between the Zhamashi intrusive body and the country rock. The concentrically zoned structure of the intrusive body and the intrusion into the continental crust are the two main pieces of evidence for considering that the Zhamashi intrusion is Alaskan‐type. The mineral chemistry of the chromian spinels (Cr‐spinels) and clinopyroxenes, and the variation trend of the whole‐rock compositional plot in the (Na₂O + K₂O)–FeO–MgO (AFM) diagram are also supportive of this consideration. The age of the Zhamashi intrusive body, determined with sensitive high mass‐resolution ion microprobe on the zircon grains, is 513.0 ± 4.5 Ma. Parental magma of the Zhamashi intrusion is compositionally close to the primitive magma produced by partial melting of the mantle peridotite. It was differentiated by fractional crystallization at low total pressure and under H₂O‐rich conditions in an arc environment to form all the major rock types. The concentrically zoned structure of the Zhamashi intrusive body was constructed in two stages: formation of a stratiform‐type layered sequence, followed by diapiric re‐emplacement. The occurrence of the Alaskan‐type intrusion suggests an active continental margin and Cambrian arc magmatism for the northern margin of the Qilian Block.     

中国沿岸海平面变化原因的探讨

对中国沿岸的月均海平面的变化原因进行了较为细致的分析，讨论了温、压、降水对中国沿岸海平面的影响。得出渤海是我国月均海平面变化最大的海区；黄海月均海面的变化仅次于渤海；东海更次；南海最小。出现极值的时间自北向南依次滞后。静压效应的影响也是自北而南逐渐变小。月均海面中除包含了８～９年及１０多年的长周期变化外，１４．０和１８．０个月左右的周期对海平面有明显的影响，３年的周期不是一种沿岸传播的波动周期。ＥｌＮｉｎｏ对中国沿岸海平面起补偿平衡作用。黑潮的增强使中国沿岸海平面均有明显的抬升。     

Fractal characterization of the spatial distribution of geological point processes

Geological point processes can be used to model point patterns occurring frequently in a wide variety of geoscience fields, including the study of mineral deposits, oil producing wells, earthquakes, and landslides. Characterization of the spatial distribution of GPP has implications for understanding the properties of the underlying geological processes and events. Three examples of GPP dealing with (1) metallic mineral deposits, (2) oil producing wells, and (3) aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake (on 12 May 2008, magnitude 8.0) are presented to illustrate that (1) the spatial distribution of geological point processes generally shows clustering implying rejection of the Poisson model because L(r) > L_Pois(r); (2) the clustering statistics of the underlying geological processes are fractal; and (3) the size distribution of geological point processes is scale invariant. These results indicate existence of a fundamental law concerning the fractal nature of the point distributions generated by geological point processes.     

植硅体14C测年研究:过去、现在与未来

文章回顾了植硅体14C测年发展的历史,对当前其研究的现状进行了全面的总结和评述,对近年来其研究的争议进行了梳理。植硅体测年研究中存在的问题(如污染和老碳效应等)在其他材料测年过程同样存在,不能基于少量现代植物植硅体测年的异常数据而完全否定其意义。大量的测年数据显示,并不是所有的植硅体年代都偏老,相反地层中的植硅体年代与同层位其他材料的年代重合或接近。因此,在一些缺少其他有机质测年材料的地层,植硅体14C测年仍然是一种极具潜力的年代学方法,在构建一些重要环境和考古文化时间标尺上将会发挥更重要的作用。     

富钾碱性粗面岩在焙烧过程中矿物结构变化研究

应用Ｘ衍射、化学分析结果和物理化学分析方法,研究富钾粗面岩在不同温度下焙烧所发生的矿物成分和结构变化及其变化机理。富钾粗面岩中钾长石向白榴石的转化率在１１００℃以前主要受焙烧温度控制,在１１００℃以后则受其后的降温速度控制。钾在不同温度焙烧样料中的活性与其中肥料矿物的含量呈正相关。     

山东淄博煤矿区环境中多环芳烃的初步研究

对山东淄博煤矿区的煤、煤矸石、矿坑排水、煤矸石淋滤水以及煤矿地下水中多环芳烃的含量进行了测试研究。结果表明,该煤矿区的煤及煤矸石中含有多环芳烃;矿坑排水、煤矸石淋滤水及地下水中的多环芳烃与煤层及煤矸石的淋滤有关,煤矿开采引起的多环芳烃污染应引起重视。     

Problems related to single gully debris flow assessment models

Natural Hazards - In recent years, various models for single gully debris flow assessment have been proposed. Due to various factors affecting the mechanisms of debris flows, these models face many...