A Comparison Study of Sensitivity on PJ and NPS Models in China Seas

Evaporation duct is an ubiquitous natural phenomenon over the ocean and can be diagnosed by evaporation duct model. The model proposed by Paulus and Jeske and another model established by the American naval postgraduate school are the most widely used. They are called PJ model and NPS model, respectively. Two methods are used to investigate the global sensitivity of PJ model and NPS model in China Seas. The first method is based on meteorological and oceanographic observation data in China Seas. Considering the system random error caused by sensor measurement inaccuracies, the mean relative error and mean absolute error are used as criterion for sensitivity analysis. The second method, called Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test(EFAST), takes into account the interaction between input parameters and is used for sensitivity analysis. The results show that NPS model is more sensitive to the random errors of sensors than PJ model. The mean relative errors of PJ model and NPS model are 11.43% and 14.81%, respectively. The results of global sensitivity parameter analysis indicate that wind speed is the key factor of PJ model, while all input parameter of NPS model have relatively large total sensitivity index. In addition, sensitivity analysis results confirm that wind speed is one of main driving factors for the formation of evaporation duct. These results are valuable for the selection of diagnosis models for evaporation duct, the evaluation of radio wave propagation in the marine atmospheric surface layer, and the prediction technique of evaporation duct based on numerical weather prediction(NWP) in China seas.     

赣北风沙-粉尘堆积体系元素地球化学变化特征及其对黄土物源示踪意义

粉尘的搬运与堆积过程,理论上是不同粒径的岩屑与矿屑颗粒被风力分选并依次沉降的过程,而元素在不同粒级的岩屑与矿屑的富集程度有所差异;因此,对岩屑与矿屑颗粒分选,在一定程度上是对地球化学元素的分选。因此,基于元素地球化学对黄土粉尘示踪研究中,单一节点或(和)剖面均不具有对粉尘源区的严格代表性,通过比较单一节点或剖面的元素地球化学而进行物源示踪的方法往往存在较大的不确定性。本文通过对中亚热带赣北鄱阳湖地区芙蓉-周溪一带的风沙-粉尘堆积体系常量和微量元素的多维度统计分析,发现地球化学元素及其元素对均存在系统性的分选与分异特点。稳定元素(如Al、Ti、Zr、Nb、Lu、Hf、Ta)及其元素对随距物源区的远近呈现线性、指数或对数等的单向变化特点,其变化幅度在沉积体系中可达31%~42%;在二维和三维散点图中其元素对的投影轨迹,是一个有方向的线状或者带状区域。这表明,风沙-粉尘堆积体系内元素地球化学从上风向到下风向是单调变化的,传统上基于元素地球化学的黄土粉尘物源示踪,通过判断投影区域的远近而进行示踪分析,在理论上有一定缺陷。初步建议,未来的元素地球化学示踪应避免单一剖面元素示踪的方法,而应根据粉尘堆积体系的分布情况系统采样,通过揭示粉尘堆积体系元素地球化学的系统特征来开展基于地球化学元素的黄土粉尘物源示踪研究。     

A global map of rainfed cropland areas (GMRCA) at the end of last millennium using remote sensing

The overarching goal of this study was to produce a global map of rainfed cropland areas (GMRCA) and calculate country-by-country rainfed area statistics using remote sensing data. A suite of spatial datasets, methods and protocols for mapping GMRCA were described. These consist of: (a) data fusion and composition of multi-resolution time-series mega-file data-cube (MFDC), (b) image segmentation based on precipitation, temperature, and elevation zones, (c) spectral correlation similarity (SCS), (d) protocols for class identification and labeling through uses of SCS R²-values, bi-spectral plots, space-time spiral curves (ST-SCs), rich source of field-plot data, and zoom-in-views of Google Earth (GE), and (e) techniques for resolving mixed classes by decision tree algorithms, and spatial modeling. The outcome was a 9-class GMRCA from which country-by-country rainfed area statistics were computed for the end of the last millennium. The global rainfed cropland area estimate from the GMRCA 9-class map was 1.13 billion hectares (Bha). The total global cropland areas (rainfed plus irrigated) was 1.53 Bha which was close to national statistics compiled by FAOSTAT (1.51 Bha). The accuracies and errors of GMRCA were assessed using field-plot and Google Earth data points. The accuracy varied between 92 and 98% with kappa value of about 0.76, errors of omission of 2–8%, and the errors of commission of 19–36%.     

综合勘查方法在超深水位岩溶区供水勘查中的应用——以娘子关泉域寿阳岩溶区供水勘查为例

在阳泉矿区寿阳区超深水位岩溶区,采用遥感、地震、地下水动态综合监测、抽水试验等综合勘查方法,基本查明了岩溶含水层段的空间分布特征及补径排条件,岩溶地下水的水化学特征及变化规律.在充分利用各种水文地质信息资料的基础上,对超深水位岩溶区进行了地下水资源评价,节约了近30%的钻探工程量,缩短了勘探周期,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益.     

基于多时相陆地卫星图像的锡林河流域土地覆盖类型特征

1IntroductionThe growing concern over the impact of changes in land use and land cover on environmental conditions and the increasing human impact on the natural resources has captured worldwide attention of the political and scientific community (Ojima etal., 1991; Smith etal., 2001). It is expected that the changing land use/land cover pattern will be one of the driving forces of environmental changes superimposed on the natural changes at regional scale (Fu etal., 1993; Bonan, 1995). Arid…     

基于Landsat TM/ETM数据的锡林河流域土地覆盖变化

根据1987年、1991年、1997年和2000年4期Landsat TM/ETM影像的土地利用/土地覆盖分类结果,运用地理信息系统空间分析方法,分析了内蒙古锡林河流域1987~2000年间各土地利用类型及草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原的数量变化和空间变化特征。分析结果显示,锡林河流域土地利用/土地覆盖变化的主要特征为草甸草原、典型草原面积的大幅减少和荒漠草原、农田和沙漠化土地面积的大幅增加及城镇的扩张。其中面积增加最大的是荒漠草原,增加了2328 km²;相当于1987年荒漠草原面积的56 %。农田和城镇面积逐年增大,分别从1987年的114.3 km²和25.2 km²增加到2000年的332.1 km²和43.6 km²。面积减少最多的是羊草＋丛生禾草、羊草＋杂类草等优良高产温带典型草原类型,共减少2040 km²。草甸草原面积亦呈逐年减少的趋势,从1987年的1103 km²减少到2000年375 km²,面积减少了65.9 %。农田、沙化地及城镇等非草原土地利用类型面积增加了62.5 %。     

国外土壤微形态学研究的进展

土壤微形态学从20世纪30年代发展至今,取得了很大的进步,并广泛应用于土壤学各个领域,解决了很多土壤学问题.越来越多的学者应用土壤微形态学方法进行其他学科领域的研究,并取得了很好的结果.与国内比较,国外土壤微形态学各方面的发展都更早、更为成熟.从国外土壤微形态学的发展简况以及土壤微形态学在其他学科领域的应用研究最新进展进行报道,如土壤发生与分类、土壤肥力与土壤环境、考古与第四纪等,以期对国外土壤微形态学的研究成果做一初步的小结和为国内土壤微形态学的发展提供一定的参考借鉴.     

EMCCD冷指温度控制系统

为了对EMCCD冷指温度进行精确的控制,介绍了一种新的温度检测与控制系统的设计方案。该系统采用铂电阻Pt1000作为温度敏感元件,AD7705作为模数转换模块,以单片机STC89C52为核心实现数据采集与加热控制功能。温度数据可以在系统的液晶屏上实时显示,也可通过RS232串口传至上位机进行显示、存储。系统测试时,分别采用了20 V和18.5 V的电源电压对EMCCD冷指进行加热。测试数据的统计分析表明,该系统能将EMCCD冷指温度控制在一个设定低温值(如-100℃)附近,系统误差在0.006 8℃以内。     

基于振动测量的视宁度测量方法研究

根据像运动法测视宁度的原理,研究了一种新的视宁度测量方法,可以用口径为10 cm左右的望远镜测视宁度,并能排除人为因素和仪器光学质量的影响。原理是用加速度传感器测量望远镜的振动,并从单个星像的抖动中扣除镜筒振动的影响。为此设计了一套测量振动装置,进行了观测,并与差分像运动视宁度监测仪(Differential Image Motion Monitor,DIMM)作了比较,发现该方法在一定程度上消除了望远镜抖动对像运动法测视宁度的影响,但不能完全消除。     

寿光市土地证书新型防伪与信息化管理

近年来,寿光市国土资源局着力于研究土地证书的防伪及信息化管理,希望通过高效防伪技术从根本上提高土地证书的防伪水平;通过信息技术的应用,提高土地证书的信息化管理水平,实现登记信息快速查询、快速采集,实现土地证书的变更登记及证书发放的动态化、信息化管理。