南亚季风降水的双极振荡*

文章利用气象资料揭示在印度半岛南部和北部,南亚季风降水变化在10年尺度以上呈翘翘板变化形式;利用更长的季风降水资料,即300年的喜马拉雅山达索普冰芯降水记录和印度半岛南部石笋降水记录,发现印度南部和喜马拉雅山季风降水呈双极振荡行为。自1700年以来,喜马拉雅山,即印度北部(或印度半岛南部)季风降水经历了1700~1764年期间的减小(或增加)趋势,1764~1876年期间的增大(或减小)趋势,1876~2000年期间的减小(或增加)趋势。同时,发现印度半岛南部的季风降水同北半球温度变化具有相同的变化特征,而喜马拉雅山季风降水同北半球温度变化具有相反的变化特征。南亚季风降水的这种南北翘翘板变化形式,与跨赤道气流有密切的联系。     

Effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding behaviour of the sandy shore scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus (Powys)

The effects of Cu, Cd, Zn and Cr on the survival and feeding behaviour of the sandy shore scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus were compared. The 96-h LC₅₀ for Cu, Cd, Zn and Cr were 0.36, 1.52, 1.76 and 36.9 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Four sublethal concentrations of each metal plus a control were prepared and the snails were exposed to experimental solutions for 96 h. Feeding behaviour was studied after the snails were starved for five days. As compared with the control, the number of individuals feeding was significantly reduced by exposure to 0.05 mg l⁻¹ Cu, 0.2 mg l⁻¹ Zn, 0.5 mg l⁻¹ Cd and 5 mg l⁻¹ Cr. The time spent feeding was greater for individuals exposed to greater concentrations of Zn and Cd but no effect was found for Cu and Cr. Chemoreception of food was studied by placing the snails at a fixed distance of 15 cm from the bait. The success rate of reaching the bait was less for individuals exposed to Cr but no effect was found for Zn, Cu or Cd. The time required for an individual to reach the bait decreased as the concentration of Zn increased. In contrast, a longer time was required for individuals exposed to Cr whereas the effect of Cd and Cu was insignificant. The potential of using feeding behaviour and chemoreception in contaminant evaluations is discussed.     

浅论长江中游洪灾高危险性

通过对长江洪水的致灾性、河道边界条件及其孕灾性、承载体易损性的分析,论述了长江中游为我国洪灾高危险区的必然性。分析了人类对河流的治理,使河道稳定性增加,减少了洪灾的风险,但是长江中游的局部河段却发生洪水位增高的趋势,又增加了洪灾风险,该区域高危险的基本特性犹存。研究了三峡运行后,长江中下游出现新的防洪形势:一方面三峡水库巨大的防洪库容拦蓄洪水,大大减少了中下游的洪灾,另一方面因河道的强冲刷,使河势变化剧烈、横向摆动增强,局部河段岸壁失稳,又增加防洪压力。同时因总体水面比降趋平,洪灾风险有向下游转移的趋势。未来长江中游仍为洪灾高危险区,仍应给予高度重视。     

Three-dimensional analysis of groundwater flow in neogene rocks at the Rokkasho low-level radioactive waste disposal center, Japan

As a preliminary step for predicting groundwater flow in a plateau 30–50 m above sea level, a model for three-dimensional analysis of groundwater flow was formulated and its validity was verified. The plateau consists of Neogene sedimentary rocks and a Quaternary deposit. Most of the groundwater originates in precipitation, with the groundwater table lying in the Quaternary deposit. Steady-state analysis was conducted by using the finite element method. The results of pore-water pressure measurement and water examination were useful in verifying the validity of the model. In constructing the model, reducing the hydraulic conductivity according to the depth on the basis of the results of the actual measurement was important.     

中国粮食总产量结构分析与丰歉评估

对中国粮食总产量的结构分析表明：①粮食作物平均单产的变化在粮食总产量的变化中约占２／３以上,起着决定性的作用;②５０年代以来,小麦,玉米产量在粮食总产量中的份额呈增加之势,而水稻所占份额相对稳定,大豆等其它作用的份额则有下降趋势;③就主要粮食作物单产而言、一季稻的产量为最高,小麦产量的增长为最快。通过分析中国粮食作物平均单产的丰歉与气象条件的关系发现;西北和东北地区的降水量,华北地区的积温与产量丰     

世界重大地质灾害地震的平面和深度分布概况

该文简要介绍了世界主要地震带的分布区域和历次地震所造成的巨大损失,介绍了地震的深度分布范围及成因类型。     

大别造山带早白垩世基性岩的同位素特征及下地壳物质对岩浆源区的贡献

大别造山带中生代岩浆岩的物质来源和成因机制,是大陆碰撞造山带研究的热点和前沿问题之一.本文通过对北大别椒子岩和沙村岩体的早白垩世基性岩进行全岩的主量、微量元素特别是Pb-Sr-Nd同位素研究,探讨了北大别基性岩的岩浆源区性质及下地壳的贡献.椒子岩基性岩的(87Sr/86Sr);的范围为0.7072～0.7075,εNd(t)范围为-10.4～11.9;椒子岩和沙村基性岩的(206Pb/204Pb)i为16.464～17.394,(207Pb/204Pb)i为15.349～15.453,(208Pb/204Pb)i为37.338～37.976.这样的同位素组成显示岩浆源区中下地壳物质的贡献显著;尤其Pb同位素特征表明下地壳贡献来自大别造山带自身的下地壳.下地壳物质的参与可能与拆沉有关.     

Sources and Exchange of Particulate Organic Matter in an Estuarine Mangrove Ecosystem of Xuan Thuy National Park, Vietnam

The spatio-temporal variations in stable isotope signatures (??¹³C and ??¹⁵N) and C/N ratios of particulate organic matter (POM), and physicochemical parameters in a creek water column were examined in an estuarine mangrove ecosystem of Xuan Thuy National Park, Vietnam. The objective was to examine the factors influencing creek water properties, and the sources and exchange of POM in this important mangrove ecosystem. The diel and seasonal variations in water temperature, flow velocity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity demonstrated that tidal level, season, and biological factors affected the creek water properties. Mangroves had relatively low ??¹⁵N and very low ??¹³C values, with respective average values of 1.5?±?0.9?? and ?28.1?±?1.4??. The low mangrove leaf ??¹⁵N indicated minor anthropogenic nitrogen loading to the mangrove forests. A significant positive correlation between POM?C??¹³C and salinity along the axis of Ba Lat Estuary, Red River, indicated that marine phytoplankton (??¹³C value, ?21.4?±?0.5??) was the predominant source of POM at the estuary mouth. Based on the co-variation of ??¹³C and C/N ratios, marine phytoplankton and mangrove detritus were predominant in POM of major creeks and small creeks, respectively. During the diurnal tidal cycle, the dynamics of POM were affected by sources of organic matter, tidal energy, and seasonal factors. The contribution of mangrove detritus to POM reached a maximum at the low tide and was enhanced during the rainy season, whereas marine phytoplankton contribution was highest at high tide.     

Estimation of Pore Water Pressure of Soil Using Genetic Programming

Soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is one of the input components required for conducting the transient seepage analysis in unsaturated soil for estimating pore water pressure (PWP). SWCC is usually defined by saturated volumetric water content (θ_s), residual water content (RWC) and air entry value (AEV). Mathematical model of PWP could be useful to unearth the important SWCC components and the physics behind it. Based on authors’ knowledge, rarely any mathematical models describing the relationship between PWP and SWCC components are found. In the present work, an evolutionary approach, namely, multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) has been applied to formulate the relationship between the PWP profile along soil depth and input variables for SWCC (θ_s, RWC and AEV) for a given duration of ponding. The PWP predicted using the MGGP model has been compared with those generated using finite element simulations. The results indicate that the MGGP model is able to extrapolate the PWP satisfactory along the soil depth for a given set of boundary conditions. Based on the given AEV and saturated water content, the PWP along the depth can be determined from the newly developed MGGP model, which will be useful for design and analysis of slopes and landfill covers.