DEM 网格间距对重力近区地形改正精度影响及验证

利用分形随机算法建立平地、丘陵和山地3种精细地形仿真场景,将DEM逐级重采样为不同网格间距,分析不同DEM网格间距对3种地形的重力近区地形改正误差影响。发现随着DEM网格间距的增加,近区地形改正误差随之增大。对于平地,使用1∶10 000的DEM,网格间距为5m仍能够满足规范要求;对于丘陵地,使用1∶5 000的DEM,网格间距为2.5m能够满足规范要求;对于山地,使用1∶1 000的DEM,网格间距1m能够满足规范要求。通过消费级无人机获取丘陵地精细地形,验证地形仿真的结论,同时说明消费级无人机能够应用于重力近区地形改正。     

消费级无人机在大比例尺测图中应用与精度评价

以分别搭载大视场角普通相机和鱼眼相机的消费级无人机为例,在对相机的高精度标定基础上,选取典型丘陵和山地实验区分别对两种消费级无人机大比例尺测图能力进行实验和精度评价,结果证明消费级无人机在合理的航测方式下,其测图结果的空三精度、分辨率及高程精度均可满足国家1∶500大比例尺地形测图的精度要求,可以推广应用到小范围大比例尺测图和修测任务中。     

Spatial variations of throughfall through secondary succession of evergreen broad‐leaved forests in eastern China

Linking spatial variations of throughfall with shifting patterns during forest succession is important for understanding developmental patterns of ecosystem function. However, no such approach has been previously used for the chronosequence of evergreen broad‐leaved forests in subtropical regions. This study was conducted in a chronosequence of secondary forest succession in Tiantong National Forest Park, to determine the optimum number of collectors within certain limits of error. Throughfall was 66, 55 and 77% of gross precipitation in an early‐succession (SS), sub‐climax (SE) and climax (CE) forest, respectively. The coefficient of variations (CV) of throughfall reduced with increasing rainfall amounts. Monte Carlo resampling approach was used to find mean values and 90 and 95% confidence intervals of a variable number of collectors (n) ranging from 2 to 24. During the study period, with nine collectors at SS, five at SE and five at CE, the error in the mean individual throughfall did not exceed 10%, respectively. This error was reduced to 5% when using 16, 10 and 10 collectors at SS, SE and CE, respectively. The CVs decreased greatly with increasing sample size when the sample size was less than 16 for the three successional stages, regardless of rainfall amounts. Based on the Student's t‐value analysis of the mean individual throughfall volumes, a sample size of 16 at SS, five at SE and four at CE would be enough for throughfall estimates at an accepted error of 10% of 95% confidence level, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that the 25 of collectors used in the present study were sufficient to estimate the throughfall value at an accepted error of 10% at 90 and 95% confidence levels, even for those small rainfalls in eastern China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国土地利用变化遥感研究的回顾与展望——基于陈述彭学术思想的引领

20世纪80年代以来中国社会经济快速发展带来的工业化、城市化正深刻影响着中国土地利用空间格局并影响到区域和国家生态与环境状况。在陈述彭先生指导下,1992年以来中国科学院建立起了完整的土地利用/覆盖变化遥感监测与数据分析技术路线,以及独特的分类体系和动态区划体系,奠定了中国LUCC信息平台的基础。本文在系统回顾陈述彭学术思想指导中国LUCC研究的基础上,面向国家需求与国际科技前沿梳理了我国LUCC研究的核心科学问题,并总结了中国科学院团队在最近20年LUCC研究取得的成果,包括土地利用/覆盖动态时空表征与分析模型、土地利用/覆盖变化过程及驱动机制、基于大数据和云计算的土地利用/覆盖变化探测方法、城市土地利用变化的区域气候/生态效应、气候变化与土地利用变化对农田生态系统的影响、林业活动的区域气候/生态效应,在此基础上对未来LUCC研究的前景进行了展望。     

Characteristics of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes and Noble Gas Isotopes in the Groundwater of Weishan, Wudalianchi, Northeast China

According to the hydrochemical characteristics, hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics and the ratio of noble gas isotopes of the sandstone aquifer and basalt aquifer, this study calculated the recharge temperature and residence time of groundwater in the Weishan area of Wudalianchi, also calculating the contribution of noble gas components from different sources to the samples. Based on the characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and noble gases Xe and Ne, the recharge altitude and recharge temperature of the two aquifers were estimated, and the recharge temperature fitting with the NGT model as verified, the results showing that the main recharge altitude of groundwater in the region was 500–600 m, the recharge temperature being 2–7°C. Heeq and Heea of the samples have been simulated using the OD model, the content of radioactive 4He in the crust being obtained, the groundwater ages under the two conditions (closed condition and open condition) both being simulated. The results show that groundwater from the sandstone layer water is older than groundwater from the basalt layer. Hydrochemical characteristics and noble gas isotope ratios indicate that in the basalt aquifer and sandstone aquifer in the Weishan area, in addition to atmospheric and crustal helium, there is also an input of mantle-derived helium. The fault constitutes the uplift channel for groundwater containings mantle components, which results in the mantle source composition in water samples near the fault being much higher than those form non-fault areas.     

Retracted: The Original Organism Assemblages and Kerogen Carbon Isotopic Compositions of the Early Paleozoic Source Rocks in the Tarim Basin, China

The above article from Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), published online on 27 December 2018 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) and in Volume 92, Issue 6, pp. 2297–2309, has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Professor Zengqian Hou and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to major overlap with a previously published article from the same group of authors published in Chinese.     

郯庐断裂带南段的重磁场特征及其地质意义

由于断裂两侧的磁性、密度的纵横向差异在重力、磁力异常上有所表现,因此所获得的重力、磁力数据为深入研究关键的地质课题提供了科学基础,如郯庐断裂带的基底性质、断裂形成特征和岩浆岩分布。利用最新的高精度航空重力和磁力数据以及地面重力数据,绘制了郯庐断裂带地区的1∶50 000重力和磁力异常图,并结合区域地质数据分析了重力和磁力异常特征。分析结果认为:存在连体的郯庐—大别古老构造带,郯庐断裂带南段是元古宙和燕山中期岩浆活动的复合反映带;郯庐断裂带为中元古—新元古代时期南华北陆块与下扬子陆块的界限;磁力、重力异常图对比说明,合肥盆地范围由老到新向东扩展。     

碳酸岩岩浆与地壳反应综述

碳酸岩是地表出露较少的地幔来源的岩石,其地幔交代作用已被广泛研究,而碳酸岩岩浆与地壳的反应过程却研究较少,目前已在中国草滩和丰镇地区、德国Kaiserstuhl地区、俄罗斯Petyayan-Vara地区和澳大利亚Nolans Bore矿床等各地被报道。碳酸岩岩浆与地壳反应的特征是可能形成大量富铁云母、辉石、榍石、钡冰长石等硅酸盐矿物并造成C-O和Sr-Nd同位素体系的扰动。实验岩石学研究发现碳酸岩岩浆在地幔与橄榄岩反应形成异剥橄榄岩,对应的在中下地壳反应形成反夕卡岩。碳酸岩岩浆与围岩的反应会造成局部Si的富集促使REE在早期岩浆阶段进入磷灰石,从而抑制稀土成矿。深部地壳的碳酸岩-硅酸岩反应在相同构造背景下通常不像浅部热液系统容易出露地表,并且其反应产物容易被误认为是夕卡岩矿物组合。因此,更多的高温高压实验研究以及对硅酸盐流体来源不是很清楚的高温夕卡岩矿物组合进行重新评估,将是揭示地壳深部反夕卡岩过程,特别是相关成矿作用的关键。     

Recent Progress of Aerosol Light-scattering Enhancement Factor Studies in China

Assessment of the radiative forcing of aerosols in models still lacks sufficient input data for aerosol hygroscopicity. The light scattering enhancement factor [ f(RH, λ)] is a crucial parameter for describing aerosol hygroscopic growth properties.In this paper, we provide a survey of f(RH, λ) studies in China for the past seven years, including instrument developments of humidified nephelometers, ambient f(RH, λ) measurements in China, f(RH, λ) parameterization schemes, and f(RH, λ)applications in aerosol measurements. Comparisons of different f(RH, λ) parameterizations are carried out to check their performance in China using field measurement datasets. We also summary the parameterization schemes for predicting f(RH, λ)with aerosol chemical compositions. The recently developed methods to observe other aerosol properties using f(RH, λ)measurements, such as calculating the aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, cloud condensation nuclei number concentration,aerosol liquid water content, and aerosol asymmetry factor, are introduced. Suggestions for further research on f(RH, λ) in China are given.     

地基微波遥感评估黄河源区草原下垫面土壤冻融过程研究

土壤冻融过程对气候变化非常敏感,如何准确监测土壤冻融过程具有重要的科学意义。利用2017年6月至2018年6月中国科学院若尔盖高原湿地生态系统研究站玛曲观测场地基微波辐射计观测数据、浅层土壤温度和近地面气温数据,通过构建归一化极化比值冻结因子、极化差值冻结因子、组合水平极化差值冻结因子和组合垂直极化差值冻结因子等不同土壤冻结因子,评估了黄河源区草原下垫面土壤冻融过程。结果表明：L波段微波辐射计监测土壤冻融状态的结果与近地面气温和浅层土壤温度表征的土壤冻融过程基本一致。当入射角为50°时,归一化极化比值冻结因子和极化差值冻结因子与实测数据的一致性分别达到83.6%和82.8%。每种冻结因子具有明显的季节性变化,四种冻结因子在春季时的准确度低于夏、秋、冬三个季节。归一化后的相对冻结因子的标准差在秋季最大,可达0.3;在冬季和夏季最小,值小于0.2。在土壤发生冻结和融化转换时,垂直极化和水平极化下的亮温同时下降,其差值较完全冻结或者完全融化时的亮温差大。研究结果可为微波遥感监测土壤冻融过程提供技术参考。