湖泊沉积物中元素相态的连续提取分析—以岱海为例

如何利用湖泊/海洋沉积物地球化学代用指标有效地指示环境很大程度取决于元素的来源及其在沉积物中赋存形态的确定.对位于半干旱区的内蒙古岱海14个沉积物样品的连续提取实验及18个元素在水可溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物结合态及残留态等六种赋存相态中含量变化进行了测试和研究,结合沉积物的矿物组成,结果表明在岱海流域内只经历了较弱的化学风化过程,除了Ca和Sr外,其他元素主要赋存于残留态中,只发生了很小程度的活化溶解.受元素亲合性和湖水物理化学状态的制约,出溶的Sr与Ca的赋存相态基本一致,而出溶的Pb、Be、Co、Cu、K、Mn、Fe等元素则与自生碳酸盐、有机质表现出一定的亲合性.元素在不同赋存相态中分布为地球化学环境代用指标的提取和解释提供了机理性的实验依据.     

Treatment on oil/water gel deposition behavior in non-heating gathering and transporting process with polymer flooding wells

Against a background of crude oil shortage and low-carbon economy, optimization and simplification of oil–gas gathering and transporting play an indispensable role in efficient development of oilfield. Profit from the high efficient utilization of the produced liquid self-energy, single-pipe non-heating gathering and transporting process has been recognized in polymer flooding wells of Daqing oilfield (China). However, it is also facing the challenges of deposition, partial blockage, high wellhead pressure, production fluctuation and environment management. A field investigation of the application for the non-heating process and the variation of polymer flooding wellhead pressure were recently carried out. The flow patterns of the oil, water and gas mixture in single-pipe process were identified, and the locations where the gel deposition was most likely to occur were estimated. Deposition inhibitions and removal processes were practiced, and the operation parameters under different working conditions were optimized. The results indicated that single-pipe non-heating process could reduce 20% of the investment and 30% of the running cost and could also make the wellhead pressure of some wells exceed the maximum allowable operating pressure of oil gathering pipelines. There appears to be a proportional relationship among water content, flow rate, residual polymer concentration and gel deposition behavior in a certain range of gathering radius. The gel deposition rate of the produced liquid with polymer concentration of higher than 600 mg/L and the water content of 90.5% reached 0.1154 mm/h in the coldest climate under the normal flow rate of 85 t/d, and the theoretical pigging period was <10 days. Gelation nucleation which was related to emulsification was induced by the transition and coexistence of separated flow and dispersed flow in non-heating gathering pipelines. The main deposition located on the beginning of pipelines, manifold, valve and elbow, and wellhead pressure of 350 psi was created in the test period of 20 days. Although using chemical inhibition method could still obtain a drag reduction rate of more than 25% under crude oil gelation temperature, the fact of the centralization disability of wellhead dosing facilities and the potential threat of chemical inhibitors to the environment could not be ignored. The noticeable energy consumption and potential risks of pipeline restarting may be encountered using facilities improvement and sphere pigging operation in gel deposition behavior treatment. A relation schema which could be used to predict deposition rate and extract thermal flush period according to the actual working condition was established. The successful application of the non-heating gathering and transporting process combated the traditional view that heat tracing is essential for maintaining the surface process in extremely cold area. Furthermore, the results contributed to the existing literature in establishing subsurface and surface parts integration idea for a green field development and accelerate further application of non-heating gathering and transporting process.     

2013年四川芦山MS7.0地震 强地面运动模拟

运用经验格林函数法模拟2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震的近场强地面运动. 在拟合过程中, 首先参考前人远场反演结果给出的滑动量分布特征和主震波形的包络线特征, 确定强震动生成区的大致范围和数量; 然后利用Somerville等提出的地震矩与凹凸体面积的经验关系式确定强震动生成区细小划分的初值, 继而利用遗传优化算法确定以上二者的最优值及其它震源参数. 将数值模拟波形与实际地震观测记录在时间域和频率域分别进行比较, 结果显示, 在所选取的30个观测台站中, 多数台站的数值模拟结果与实际观测结果符合得很好, 特别是大于1 Hz的高频部分. 断层面上有两个强震动生成区, 其位置与前人反演的滑动量集中分布区相一致, 而且强震动生成区规模比Somerville等获得的标度率估计值要小.      

基于空间与区域视角的生态系统服务地理学框架

生态系统服务研究现已成为国内外的研究热点。回顾生态系统服务研究的历程可以发现,研究范式正在从自然科学研究范式向自然科学与社会科学综合研究范式转向。生态系统服务研究更加重视时空异质性、更加关注流动性与区域效应,更加强调生态系统服务对人类福祉的作用。在生态系统结构、过程与功能─服务─人类收益与福祉级联框架中,地理学的主要分支都可以找到自身的研究议题。在此过程中,逐渐建构起来的生态系统服务地理学,不仅可以为生态系统服务研究提供学科支撑,同时可以丰富和拓展地理学的研究内容。本文在评述生态系统服务研究历程和发展趋势的基础上,分析了地理学参与生态系统服务研究的逻辑必然性以及面临的机遇与挑战。为了推进生态系统服务研究的“地理化”转向,我们提议发展生态系统服务地理学,并初步描绘了生态系统服务地理学的学科框架,包括定义、研究范畴、研究内容及主要研究议题等。     

中国东部夏季极端降水事件及大气环流异常分析

主要利用1961~2014年中国东部地区438个台站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料,从大气内部动力角度对夏季不同极端降水情况下的环境场进行分析,结果表明:对长江中下游地区而言,在极端降水频次偏多年时,850 hPa风场及整层水汽输送距平场均表明东亚夏季风偏弱,有利于更多的水汽输送到长江中下游地区,500 hPa鄂霍次克海阻塞高压持续日数偏多,有利于冷空气南下,200 hPa东亚副热带急流偏南,且30°N以南偏西风异常有利于辐散,而在斜压波包从西北东南向传播为极端降水事件分发生集聚了能量;对华北地区极端降水频次偏多年而言,850 hPa风场及整层的水汽输送距平场均表明东亚夏季风偏强,有利于更多的水汽输送到华北地区,500 hPa高度距平场日本海正距平,贝加尔湖蒙古地区为负距平,华北地区东高西低,200 hPa东亚副热带急流偏北,从而导致我国华北地区极端降水频次偏多,能量传播也为西北东南向。这些结果表明极端降水的变化,与大气内部的动力作用和能量的传播有密切的关系。     

基于RS数据的黄河三角洲湿地信息提取及湿地动态变化研究

本文采用分层分类和决策树分类方法,对黄河三角洲1986、1996、2009年3个时期Land-sat-TM数据进行了处理,提取了黄河三角洲湿地信息,分析了三角洲湿地20年间的动态变化。结果表明,湿地变化整体呈先增多后减少的趋势,其中人工湿地比重不断增加,面积增加最多的是盐田湿地,减少最多的是滩涂湿地,土地盐碱化加重;采用分层提取湿地信息的方法精度达到90%,结果优于监督分类和非监督分类。     

Asplenium sanshuiense sp. nov.: the Lowest Latitude Fossil Record of the Genus

Extant Asplenium is one of the most widespread fern groups and occurs in the temperate and tropical regions. However, the fossil records of this genus are poorly documented, especially in the low latitudes. Here, a new species, Asplenium sanshuiense sp. nov. is described from the early Eocene of Sanshui Basin, Guangdong Province, South China. This is the lowest modern latitude fossil record of Asplenium and the first fossil assignment of A. section Darea (Jussieu) Bak., as well as the first fossil record of Asplenium reported from South China. This new species shows that Asplenium had already spread into South China by the early Eocene and the section Darea (Jussieu) Bak. was identifiable within the genus Asplenium during that time. This new species, combined with previous fossil spore-pollen records indicates a warm and humid climate in the Sanshui Basin of the early Eocene.     

华北及扬子克拉通中元古代年代地层格架厘定及相关问题探讨

在系统分析近年华北和扬子克拉通典型地区中元古代(GTS2012,1 780~850 Ma)年代地层学进展基础上,详细厘定了其地层格架。确认华北克拉通中元古代早期地层(约1 780~约1 350 Ma)发育始于豫陕晋交界地区,其后沿“华北中部造山带”(TNCO:Trans North China Orogen)再逐渐扩展到燕山及附近地区,但随后则普遍缺失了中期(约1 350~约1 100 Ma)纪录。其晚期沉积(<1 100 Ma)见于胶辽徐淮、豫西南及燕山等地区。扬子克拉通的川滇交界地区出露有中元古代早期(约1 750~约1 450 Ma)及晚期(<1 100 Ma)地层,中期沉积(约1 400~约1 150 Ma)主要见于神农架地区。华北与扬子两地的地层纪录具有良好的互补性,并有效涵盖了整个GTS2012全球地质年表所建议之“中元古代”(1 780~850 Ma)。这一新格架蕴含多方面重要命题：(1)地层学方面。在未来GTS2012中元古界内部“系”级单位再划分研究中,中国学者通过在上述两地对应地层序列中识别此间全球大火成岩省LIPs地幔柱事件的沉积响应,可望从地球系统科学角度全面参与新建议各系底界的“金钉子”工作,并做出独特贡献。(2)早期真核生物演化及生物古地理方面。基于当前格架可以确认,山西永济汝阳群北大尖组以Tappania为代表的具刺大型疑源类生物群的时代应约为1 650 Ma,为目前全球真核生物遗存最早出现层位,同时不排除华北南缘有可能是此类生物的起源区。结合其时空分布或可进一步推测,至少在约1 650~约1 450 Ma阶段,即哥伦比亚超大陆向罗迪尼亚超大陆过渡阶段,华北克拉通应与印度、澳大利亚、北美、西伯利亚等古陆互为近邻。(3)沉积大地构造演化方面。中元古代华北及扬子克拉通均表现出“三段式”沉积过程,其沉降隆起区均发生过“跷跷板”式转换,包括“晋宁运动”在内的关键时间节点均存在较好的对应性,表明该阶段两者很可能处于同一板块构造应力场之内。结合约1.38 Ga燕山地区下马岭组含钾质斑脱岩黑色岩系所代表的前陆盆地性质、约1.1 Ga以后华北与扬子沉积发展同步性并含Chuaria等宏观藻类,以及华北东部该阶段富含格林维尔期碎屑锆石等特征,推测最晚应于约1.1 Ga前后,华北东部可能已与扬子华夏、锡林浩特蒙古微地块等相互拼合并形成格林维尔造山带。借此与北美、澳大利亚、波罗的等古陆相链接,共同见证了罗迪尼亚超大陆的最终聚合与初始裂解。     

生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展及地理学研究议题

由于生态系统服务的多样性、空间分布的不均衡性以及人类使用的选择性,在人为活动和自然因素作用下,服务之间的关系出现了此消彼长的权衡、相互增益的协同等变化。理解服务权衡与协同的表现类型、形成机理、尺度依存和区域差异,对于制定区域发展与生态保护"双赢"的政策措施具有重要意义。从相互作用与联系、类型与形成机制、研究方法与工具、尺度效应以及不确定性等方面评述了生态系统服务权衡与协同的国内外研究进展和局限性,并对研究趋势进行了展望。在此基础上,提出从地理学视角研究生态系统服务权衡与协同的主要议题,包括服务供需的时空异质性、权衡与协同的形成机制、尺度依存和区域差异等。可为拓展生态系统服务权衡与协同研究的深度和广度,提升地理学综合研究水平提供借鉴与参考。     

Prediction method of debris flow by logistic model with two types of rainfall: a case study in the Sichuan, China

Debris flow is a serious disaster that frequently happens in mountainous area. This study presents an effective method for forecasting it by rainfall, which is one of the important components for prediction. The Sichuan Province is taken as an example. The geographic information system (GIS) is chosen as a tool to estimate the precipitation of hazard point, and use of statistical technique is made to calculate attenuation coefficient of effective antecedent precipitation. With such methodologies, the logistic regression model is used to comparatively establish the prediction model of two forms rainfall combination: (1) intraday rainfall and 10-day previous rainfall, (2) intraday rainfall and two types of effective antecedent rainfall which are short-time-heavy rainfall and long-time-light rainfall. The results indicate that the location of debris flows and the distribution of rainfall are factors interrelated. Secondly, the contribution rate of intraday rainfall is the highest. Thirdly, the second form rainfall combination has a higher prediction accuracy, 2.3% for short-time-heavy rainfall and 2.1% for long-time-light rainfall, which suggests that a moderate improvement is achieved by the rainfall classification.