Present and Late Pleistocene equilibrium line altitudes in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

According to the glacial landforms and deposits with the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results, two glacial stages of the last glacial cycle (LGC) and Late Glacial were identified. The Late Glacial stage (Meteorological Station glacier advance) took place about 11 ka (11.3±1.2 ka), and the last glacial maximum (LGM), named Black Wind Mouth glacier advance, occurred at 20 ka (20.0±2.1 ka). Based on the Ohmura’s formula in which there is a relationship between summer (JJA) atmospheric temperature (T) and the annual precipitation (P) at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude (ELAt) in Changbai Mountains was 3380±100 m. Six methods of accumulation–area ratio (AAR), maximum elevation of lateral moraines (MELM), toe–to headwall altitude ratios (THAR), the terminal to summit altitudinal (TSAM), the altitude of cirque floor (CF), and the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area (Hofer) were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different stages. These methods provided the ELA for a range of 2250–2383 m with an average value of 2320±20 m during the LGM, which is 200 m higher than the value of previous investigation. The snowlines during the Late Glacial are 2490 m on northern slope, and 2440 m on western slope. The results show that the snowline on northern slope is 50 m higher than that on western slope during the Late Glacial, and the average snowline is 2465m. The ELA △ values were more than 1000 m during the LGM, and about 920 m lower than now during the Late Glacial stage respectively. Compared with Taiwanese and Japanese mountains in East Asia during the LGM, the effect of the uplift on ELA in Changbai Mountains during the glaciations (i.e. 20 m uplift in the LGM and 11 m in the Late Glacial) is not obvious.     

基于逆时成像的井中观测微地震定位精度分析

微地震定位是非常规和低渗透油气勘探开发和地下工程安全监测的关键环节,其准确性是实现油气储层实时刻画和工程灾害监测预警的重要基础.由于微地震信号具有能量弱、频率高、信噪比低的特点,微地震定位精度易受到采集观测系统布设位置的影响,尤其在井下受限空间与高温高压环境中.基于此,本文提出了一种基于逆时成像的井下微地震采集定位精度分析方法,能定量预测实际采集观测系统布设方案在水平和深度方向上的定位偏差和不确定性.区别于传统定位精度分析方法,该方法基于波形而非走时,适用于复杂非均匀介质,同时考虑了信噪比和震源机制对定位精度的影响.均匀和非均匀介质下的实例应用结果均表明,该方法能有效评价微地震采集方案的预期定位精度,进而反馈采集参数设计,从数据采集的源头改善复杂介质条件下的微地震定位效果.

     

第四纪加积型红土与黄土的风成相似性探讨

粒度分析表明,第四纪加积型红土的粒度组成特征与黄土相似,其粒度组成以50 μm以下的粉沙和粘土组分为主,并且10～50 μm的风尘基本组分含量与黄土类似,该类型红土粒度组成存在明显的由北向南粘粒含量增加的空间变化规律;粒度组成的频率曲线研究表明,第四纪加积型红土主要呈现双峰和多峰的特征,表明其搬运营力的多元性,与西风区黄土类似;该类红土的稀土元素丰度以及Sr、Nd同位素组成也与北方风尘沉积相似.因此提出该类红土可称之为加积型红土,它与北方风成沉积存在风成相似性.     

基于ASD地物光谱仪的两种天空光测量方法比较分析

基于AsD地物光谱仪最常用的两种天空光测量方法--标准灰板反演测量法和直接测量法同时观测广州市天空光辐亮度,采用灰色系统理论进行了两种测量结果的灰关联系数计算;分别对两种测量方法获取的辐亮度值进行直接比较和两种测量结果的灰关联系数定量比较分析.结果表明:标准板反演的天空光和不同方位、不同观测天顶角的天空光的灰关联系数有...     

1961-2008年中国西南地区极端气候变化幅度的海拔效应(英文)

A total of 12 indices of temperature extremes and 11 indices of precipitation ex-tremes at 111 stations in southwestern China at altitudes of 285-4700 m were examined for the period 1961-2008. Significant correlations of temperature extremes and elevation in-cluded the trends of diurnal temperature range, frost days, ice days, cold night frequency and cold day frequency. Regional trends of growing season length, warm night frequency, coldest night and warmest night displayed a statistically significant positive correlation with altitude. These characteristics indicated the obvious warming with altitude. For precipitation extreme indices, only the trends of consecutive dry days, consecutive wet days, wet day precipitation and the number of heavy precipitation days had significant correlations with increasing alti-tude owing to the complex influence of atmospheric circulation. It also indicated the increased precipitation mainly at higher altitude areas, whereas the increase of extreme precipitation events mainly at lowers altitude. In addition, the clearly local influences are also crucial on climate extremes. The analysis revealed an enhanced sensitivity of climate extremes to ele-vation in southwestern China in the context of recent warming.     

基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析

在青藏高原选择11个代表性自然保护区,基于高寒草地植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Production,简写NPP）变化过程数据,比较分析了自然保护区与其相邻等面积区域的NPP变化差异;采用样区对比法,在自然保护区内外选取21组对比样区,比较自然保护区建立前后及其内外的生态状况,评估了自然保护区的保护成效。研究表明：1. 1982-2009年间,82%的代表性自然保护区NPP比保护区周邻区域及青藏高原的平均水平低,反映了自然保护区的生态系统状况更为脆弱;2. 在代表性自然保护区中,曼则塘自然保护区的NPP增长趋势最为明显,塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的NPP增长趋势最弱;除色林错自然保护区外,以草甸和湿地为主的自然保护区NPP增速明显高于以草原与荒漠草地为主的自然保护区;3. 代表性样区的研究发现：① 自然保护区内76%以上的样区和国家级保护区内82%以上的样区NPP增加幅度明显高于保护区外对应样区的增幅;② 取得明显保护效果的有中昆仑、长沙贡玛、若尔盖和色林错等自然保护区;曼则塘自然保护区的东南部边缘地区和塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的北部边缘地区的效果不明显,可能与保护区及其周邻地区人类扰动增强密切相关;③ 高寒草甸类型自然保护区的保护效果最为显著,高寒草原类型自然保护区的保护效果较差。本研究展示了样区对比法在评估大区域生态变化中所具有的独特优势,其关键在于科学设计样区并进行合理的空间抽样。     

干旱区绿洲城市化发展与耕地保护协同性分析——以张掖市甘州区为例

城市化水平是衡量一个国家经济发达程度,特别是工业化水平高低的一个重要标志,而耕地非农化是城市化过程中的一种必然现象,耕地数量变化体现一定的社会经济发展规律。因此,研究耕地资源与城市化的关系具有一定的现实意义,有助于为当地政府城市规划和进一步发展提供参考依据。处在脆弱敏感的自然环境下,干旱区绿洲城市发展与耕地资源保护存在着显著矛盾。本文基于1996-2008年的统计数据,利用回归分析法和协调度分析法分析了甘州区城市化水平与耕地资源变化的相关性及协调性。结果表明:1996-2002年耕地资源与城市化水平呈现出一定相互促进的正相关关系;2003年耕地资源变化略有波动,耕地面积有所减少。2004-2008年耕地资源变化逐渐趋于平稳,而在此过程中城市化水平一直处于稳步上升状态。协同度除2004年呈不协调状态,其他年份呈基本协调或较协调趋势。     

基于DEM的分布式融雪汇流模型关键算法和实现

根据小流域和高分辨率DEM数据的特点,在获得栅格单元的坡度、坡向、水流流向、平均流速等相关特征信息并且建立流域的汇流网络之后,建立了一种具有时空特征的基于DEM的分布式融雪汇流模型.在模型中提出了"单元时段"的概念,将其设置为大小可调的参数为模型在现实中的应用提供了极大的便利,给出了模型中的融雪汇流流向出口断面的时间长...     

Construction and progress of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem carbon,nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation

Eddy Covariance technique (EC) achieves the direct measurement on ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes, and it provides scientific data for accurately assessing ecosystem functions in mitigating global climate change. This paper briefly reviewed the construction and development of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX), and systematically introduced the design principle and technology of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation system of ChinaFLUX. In addition, this paper summarized the main progress of ChinaFLUX in the ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water exchange and environmental controlling mechanisms, the spatial pattern of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes and biogeographical mechanisms, and the regional terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget assessment. Finally, the prospects and emphases of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation of ChinaFLUX are put forward to provide theoretical references for the development of flux observation and research in China.     

中国北方沙漠化土地防治区划(纲要)

根据中国北方沙漠化土地形成发展的历史和现代过程、分布特点、发展趋势及其综合防治途径和利用开发方向等,以"保护优先,重点防治,合理利用,协调发展"作为沙漠化防治的指导方针,在考虑自然条件、沙漠化发展阶段与程度和自然条件、资源利用开发与区域可持续发展方向一致性等原则的基础上,将中国北方沙漠化土地划分为4大区22小区。为因地制宜地沙漠化土地防治提供理论依据。