特殊地质样品中钼同位素分析的化学前处理方法研究

Mo同位素的研究在地学领域应用广泛,它可以示踪Mo的全球循环、古海洋氧化还原条件、成矿过程、天体演化过程等。应用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱法(MC-ICP-MS)分析Mo同位素比值前需对样品进行分离纯化,以富集Mo和去除Zr、Ru、Fe、Mn等干扰元素。处理某些Fe含量特别高且Ca含量也高的特殊地质样品(如含大量黄铁矿的钙质泥岩、钙质页岩等),若根据传统的阴阳离子交换树脂双柱法,需多次使用阳离子交换树脂分离Fe,步骤较繁琐且Mo回收率也会降低,而根据传统的阴离子交换树脂单柱法,使用1mol/L氢氟酸-0.5mol/L盐酸介质会产生较多CaF_2沉淀影响分离纯化效果。针对此类特殊地质样品,本实验使用同一阴离子树脂柱(AG1-X8,100～200目)对样品进行两次淋洗,第一次使用6mol/L盐酸,第二次使用1mol/L氢氟酸-0.1mol/L盐酸和6mol/L盐酸。结果表明Mo的回收率96%,干扰元素的去除效果好,尤其是Ru的去除率接近100%,比原方法提高了约12%。对实际样品进行实验的结果也显示,Mo的回收率和干扰元素的去除都符合要求,δ~(98/95)Mo测定值与文献报道值一致。改进后的阴离子交换树脂单柱-二次淋洗法适用于Fe、Ca含量较高的特殊样品,降低了分析成本,也适用于绝大多数地质样品。     

Main progress and prospect for China's hydrogeological survey

This paper reviewed the main achievements of hydrogeological survey in China, summarized the significant progress of hydrogeological survey over the past decade, and forecasted the key responsibilities for hydrogeological survey in the p14th Five-year Planq. The significant progress includes: China established the 1: 50 000 standard hydrogeological survey system with Chinese characteristics and produced the new generation of high-quality hydrogeological maps; the national groundwater monitoring project was completed and accepted, which marks China taking the leading position in groundwater monitoring internationally; fruitful results were achieved in the national groundwater quality survey, and groundwater quality background values were basically identified and checked; hydrogeological and environmental geological survey was continuously promoted in karst areas and the ecological restoration of rocky desertification achieved remarkable results; China strengthened layer exploration techniques for groundwater, integrating the key and practical techniques of layer exploration and monitoring; the exploration of groundwater in the poverty-stricken regions and old revolutionary base areas were effectively promoted to strongly guarantee the poverty alleviation and drinking water safety; the mystery of desert groundwater was uncovered, making up for the shortage of 1: 250 000 hydrogeological survey in the Badain Jaran Desert; and more efforts were made to conduct survey on the water resources in the basin, and to finish the unified measurement of national-scale groundwater level.     

辐射特征支持下的城市高分影像阴影校正

大量城市建筑使得高分影像中含有许多阴影区。这些阴影区在土地利用分类、植被绿度调查等遥感应用中会较大地影响结果精度,降低数据使用效率并增加研究成本。基于同一地物阴影区与临近非阴影区反射率相等这一辐射特征关系,通过建立辐射传输方程,发展了一种新的城市高分遥感影像阴影校正方法 RERB(Reflectance Equality Relationship Based Method)。利用RERB对不同城市(北京和荷兰Enschede)不同高分多光谱影像(Geo Eye-1和Quick Bird)进行阴影校正,并对比分析其与被广泛采用的均值方差变换法MVT(Mean and Variance Transformation)的校正结果,通过定性和定量精度评价发现:(1)RERB能很好地将城市阴影区影像视觉特征(颜色、纹理、色调等)信息恢复到与非阴影区同一水平上;(2)RERB恢复后的阴影区具有丰富的细节信息且在视觉上与临近非阴影区具有良好的一致性;(3)RERB恢复后的城市柏油路面和水泥路面阴影区辐射信息具有较低的误差,可见光-近红外波段的平均误差分别为7%和9%。同时RERB能较好地恢复城市阴影区植被波谱特征信息。     

Hazard Assessment of Co-seismic Landslides Based on Information Value Method: A Case in 2018 MW6.6 Hokkaido Earthquake, Japan

An M_W6.6 earthquake occurred in eastern Hokkaido, Japan on September 6^th, 2018. Based on the pre-earthquake image from Google Earth and the post-earthquake image from high resolution (3 m) planet satellite, we manually interpret 9 293 coseismic landslides and select 7 influencing factors of seismic landslide, such as elevation, slope, slope direction, road distance, flow distance, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and lithology. Then, 9 293 landslide points are randomly divided into training samples and validation samples with a proportion of 7:3. In detail, the training sample has 6 505 landslide points and the validation sample has 2 788 landslide points. The hazard risk assessment of seismic landslide is conducted by using the information value method and the study area is further divided into five risk grades, including very low risk area, low risk area, moderate risk area high risk area and very high risk area. The results show that there are 7 576 landslides in high risk area and very high risk area, accounting for 81.52% of the total landslide number, and the landslide area is 22.93 km², accounting for 74.35% of the total area. The hazard zoning is in high accordance with the actual situation. The evaluation results are tested by using the curve of cumulative percentage of hazardous area and cumulative percentage of landslides number. The results show that the success rate of the information value method is 78.50% and the prediction rate is 78.43%. The evaluation results are satisfactory, indicating that the hazard risk assessment results based on information value method may provide scientific reference for landslide hazard risk assessment as well as the disaster prevention and mitigation in the study area.     

2020年1月19日新疆伽师MS6.4地震InSAR同震形变场特征及发震构造初步探讨

基于Sentinel-1 SAR升、降影像,利用D-InSAR技术获取新疆伽师M S6.4地震的同震形变场,结果表明,本次地震引起的同震形变场整体呈近椭圆状分布,形变区东西长约66 km,南北宽约40 km,整个形变场由南部隆升区和北部沉降区组成,南部最大隆升量约7 cm,北部最大沉降量约3 cm。本次地震发生在块体俯冲界面处的低倾角逆冲推覆构造带上,隆升和沉降两个中心均位于逆冲推覆体的上盘,形变主要以隆升形变为主,符合低倾角逆断层中强震的变形特征。在沉降区与隆升区之间干涉条纹连续分布,未出现表征地表破裂位置的空间失相关带,表明地震未引起明显的地表破裂。结合震源机制、余震精定位及区域构造特征,初步推断认为伽师地震的发震构造可能为柯坪塔格推覆构造前缘的N倾的柯坪断裂。     

重复循环荷载作用下原状黄土动力特性试验研究

为探究重复循环荷载作用下含水率、固结压力对原状黄土动力特性、变形性状的影响规律,利用英国GDS双向动态三轴试验系统模拟交通荷载,对海东地区原状黄土进行动三轴试验研究。试验结果表明：单一重复循环动荷载作用下,在加载初期,海东地区原状黄土的轴向动应变随着循环次数的增大急剧增加,后期缓慢增加至趋于稳定,即发生应变硬化现象。在加载初期,含水率、固结压力对原状黄土的轴向动应变无明显影响,当循环次数N>400时,原状黄土的轴向动应变随含水率的升高而增加,随固结压力的增大而减小。动剪切模量随循环次数的增加出现先减小后增加再减小的变化,随含水率的升高有较大幅度的降低。动阻尼比随循环次数的增加先增加后减小,随含水率的升高而增大。表明海东地区原状黄土所具有的大孔隙架空结构使其在重复循环荷载作用下易发生振动变形。     

中国地质灾害气象预警实践:2003-2012

中国地质灾害气象预警始于2003年,每年汛期(5~9月)向公众社会发布预警信息,警示群众注意防范降雨引发的崩塌滑坡泥石流等地质灾害。本文概略介绍了2003-2012年中国地质灾害气象预警的工作机制、技术方法和预警效果等方面的成就。工作机制方面,采用国家级、省级和市县级的分级运行管理方式,并不断健全和完善了预警合作机制和信息共享机制。技术方法方面,创建了隐式统计预警(临界降雨量判据法)和显式统计预警(地质环境与降雨多参数耦合判据)两代预警模型,并研发了相应的业务运行系统,有效指导了区域地质灾害气象预警、地质灾害群测群防和典型地区专业监测预警研究。预警成效方面,通过电视、网络、手机短信、微信微博等多种媒体发布地质灾害预警信息,使社会公众特别是基层社区居民的防灾意识显著增强,减灾知识逐渐增长,合理利用地质环境,主动防治地质灾害已在中国取得广泛的共识。     

SOURCE PARAMETERS OF THE CANGWU MS5.4 EARTHQUAKE, 31 JULY, 2016

On July 31^st, 2016, an earthquake of M_S5.4 occurred in Cangwu County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which is the first M_S ≥ 5.0 earthquake in coastal areas of southern China in the past 17a. The moderate earthquake activities have come into a comparatively quiet period in coastal areas of southern China for decades, so the study about the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake is very important. However, differernt research institutions and scholars have got different results for the focal depth of the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake. For this reason, we further measured the focal depth by using CAP method and sPL phase method. sPL phase was first put forward by Chong in 2010. It is often observed between P and S wave of continental earthquakes with epicentral distance of about 30km to 50km. The energy of sPL phase is mainly concentrated on the radial component. Arrival time difference between sPL phase and direct P wave is insensitive to epicentral distancs, but increases almost linearly with the increase of focal depth. Based on these characteristics and advantages, sPL phase method is chosen to measure the focal depth of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake in the paper. First of all, we selected the broadband waveform data through seismic stations distributed mainly in Guangxi and adjacent provinces from Data Management Centre of China National Seismic Network and Guangxi Earthquake Networks Center. And an appropriate velocity model of Cangwu area was constructed by the teleseismic receiver function method. Then, the focal mechanism and focal depth of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake were determined by using the CAP(Cut and Paste)method. Next, we compared the synthetic waveforms simulated by F-K forward method of different focal depth models with the actual observed waveforms. According to the difference of arrival times between sPL and Pg phases, we finally obtained the focal depth of Cangwu earthquake. The results show that the focal depth is 11km measured by CAP method and 9km by sPL phase method. Based on the focal mechanism solution, isoseismal shapes, aftershocks distributions and investigation on spot, we conclude that the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake is a left-lateral strike-slip earthquake which occurred in the upper crust. Our preliminary analysis considers that the seismogenic structure of Cangwu earthquake is a north-northwest branch fault, and the control fault of this earthquake is the Hejie-Xiaying Fault.     

2014年康定M_S6.3级地震前后的重力变化特征

利用四川地区2010年8月至2015年3月的流动重力观测数据作出重力场等值线变化图像,研究分析2014年康定MS6.3级地震前后的重力变化特征,结果表明:(1)三岔口地区长期保持区域性重力正值变化异常及重力变化高梯度带;(2)在康定MS6.3级地震前后三岔口地区的区域性重力正值变化异常及重力变化高梯度带变化并不是特别显著;(3)在康定MS6.3级地震前震区重力变化等值线出现四象限区域或者类似于四象限区域的分布特征;(4)康定MS6.3级地震发震位置处于0值线附近且0值线在此处发生明显的转折、畸变;(5)康定MS6.3级地震发生在重力减小后回调增加的过程中,震后重力继续回调增加。