构造体制转换与流体多层循环成矿动力学

基于成矿系统动力学研究进展的综合分析, 认为构造体制转换与流体多层循环成矿动力学研究是地球科学跨世纪的重要前沿领域之一, 进而提出这一领域的研究主题和关键问题、研究思路及方法, 阐释其重要意义, 指出构造体制转换与流体多层循环成矿动力学研究以构造演化、流体活动及区域地球化学和地球物理不均一性为基础, 通过变形-流动高温高压实验及计算机数值模拟再现成矿作用过程和机理, 解析构造体制转换与流体多层循环成矿动力学特征, 揭示成矿界面时-空演化规律, 建立成矿系统物质和能量交换-反馈耦合成矿的定量模型.这是深化矿床成因认识的重要基础和实现科学找矿的有效途径, 对地球系统科学和大陆动力学的研究也具有重要意义.      

金沙江白鹤滩水电站坝址区断层变形特点及成因分析

拟建中的白鹤滩水电站坝基将建在二叠系峨眉山组玄武岩层之上.坝址区发育有位移量较小的NW300°、NW320°、NE40°和近SN向4组断层,其中NW300°断层最为发育.在野外详细调查的基础上,室内的显微构造研究和电子自旋共振(简称ESR)测年结果表明,坝址区内的断层是在燕山期晚期近东西向挤压应力场作用下形成,后期又受到了近南北向挤压应力场的改造.断层破碎带以发育典型碎裂-角砾岩等浅层脆性构造岩为特点,近期活动不明显.     

瞬变电磁(TEM)中心回线装置发射框边长与最佳探测深度关系的探讨

利用电磁学原理,推导出了载流正方形回路地下均匀半空间介质中心轴线上感应磁场强度B的理论表达式。通过系列的理论计算、对比和讨论,提出了瞬变电磁法中心回线装置探测深度主要受发射线框边长制约,其最佳探测深度与发射框边长二分之一相当的观点。这里引用了一些生产、试验事例,从实践上对这一观点加以佐证。旨在引起同行们的注意,以便在实际生产中更好地利用瞬变电磁法。     

在涉密地质资料管理工作中的几点思考与对策

保护好涉密地质资料是维护总体国家安全观的一项重要任务.本文梳理了近几年涉密地质资料管理工作中存在的问题,总结了新形势下涉密地质资料管理与社会化服务过程中的对策,对今后涉密地质资料管理工作提出了建议.     

Characteristics of dry-wet abrupt alternation events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin and the relationship with ENSO

During recent decades, more frequent flood-drought alternations have been seen in China as a result of global climate change and intensive human activities, which have significant implications on water and food security. To better identify the characteristics of flood-drought alternations, we proposed a modified dry-wet abrupt alternation index (DWAAI) and applied the new method in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB-ML) to analyze the long-term spatio-temporal characteristics of dry-wet abrupt alternation (DWAA) events based on the daily precipitation observations at 75 rainfall stations in summer from 1960 to 2015. We found that the DWAA events have been spreading in the study area with higher frequency and intensity since 1960. In particular, the DWAA events mainly occurred in May and June in the northwest of the YRB-ML, including Hanjiang River Basin, the middle reaches of the YRB, north of Dongting Lake and northwest of Poyang Lake. In addition, we also analyzed the impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on DWAA events in the YRB-ML. The results showed that around 41.04% of DWAA events occurred during the declining stages of La Niña or within the subsequent 8 months after La Niña, which implies that La Niña events could be predictive signals of DWAA events. Besides, significant negative correlations have been found between the modified DWAAI values of all the rainfall stations and the sea surface temperature anomalies in the Nino3.4 region within the 6 months prior to the DWAA events, particularly for the Poyang Lake watershed and the middle reaches of the YRB. This study has significant implications on the flood and drought control and water resources management in the YRB-ML under the challenge of future climate change.     

内蒙古克什克腾旗五道石门基性火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

内蒙古克什克腾旗五道石门水库出露一套由灰绿色玄武岩、枕状玄武岩和硅质粉砂岩组成的火山-沉积岩系。枕状玄武岩主要出露于水库大坝南岸,枕体呈不规则椭球状,长轴约0.4~1.0m,边部具有冷凝边,内部气孔和杏仁状构造较发育。镜下观察其矿物组成主要为细长条状斜长石和少量辉石,间粒结构。前人研究认为它们属于早古生代蛇绿岩,本次研究对枕状玄武岩样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试。锆石测年结果大致可分为四组,依次为262~290Ma(A组,15颗)、301~345Ma(B组,5颗)、446~572Ma(C组,6颗)和763~948Ma(D组,5颗)。其中A组锆石呈长柱状,自形,长宽比约2∶1~3∶1,Th/U值介于0.22~0.98;振荡环带较宽,体现了基性岩浆锆石的特征。15个点的谐和年龄为277±3Ma,应代表岩石的形成年龄,表明五道石门枕状玄武岩形成于早二叠世晚期,应属大石寨组。其余三组锆石多呈自形-半自形,粒状或短柱状,振荡环带较窄,且没有270~280Ma的生长边,表明可能是基性岩浆上升过程中从围岩捕获的锆石,表明五道石门玄武岩可能发育在具有晚元古-古生代基底的陆壳内,暗示早二叠世晚期本区处于板内拉张环境。五道石门枕状玄武岩曾被认为是早古生带大洋蛇绿岩,但综合我们的年代学结果和对锆石类型的分析,它应属早二叠世晚期伸展环境中基性岩浆活动的产物。     

Advances in Modern Phytolith Research

Phytolith has been widely used as a tool to reconstruct the paleoenvironment, and the investigation of modern phytolith is very crucial to the accurate interpretation of phytolith data in ancient sediments. Studies of modern process of phytolith primarily include the morphological analysis of phytolith in modern plants, and the relationships between the formation and growth of phytolith and environmental factors, as well as the transportation and taphonomy of phytolith in modern soils and sediments. The formation of phytolith in plants is controlled not only by genes but also by environmental factors, such as humidity, precipitation, temperature, CO₂ concentration, soil pH, and nutrient status, etc. The morphology, assemblages, ¹³C and ¹⁸O of phytolith in plants can respond sensitively to environmental variables. The phytolith assemblages can be affected by its taphonomy and transportation that may be different due to phytolith types and soils/sediments texture. It is necessary to investigate the phytolith morphology and types in modern plants, the relationship between its formation and environmental factors, and the impact of transportation and taphonomy on phytolith assemblages under different environmental conditions in order to promote the application of phytolith analysis to paeloenvironment reconstruction.     

建筑抗震构件中屈曲约束支撑结构研究新进展

详细介绍了近年来中国学者在屈曲约束支撑研究方面取得的研究成果，着重讨论了屈曲约束支撑构件（核心单元、约束机构、无黏结构造层）和整体抗震性能以及设计方法的研究现状。结果表明：屈曲约束支撑以其良好的耗能性能具有很好的发展潜力，屈曲约束支撑的适用范围不断拓展，结构形式更趋多样化，设计方法不断优化。     

TRMM 3B43降水数据在黄河源区的适用性评价

应用1998-2013年气象台站实测的降水数据以及2013年6-9月使用雨量桶收集的数据对TRMM 3B43 V7降水数据在黄河源区的精度从不同时间尺度、不同台站、以及不同海拔、坡度和坡向进行评价。检验发现,TRMM 3B43 数据对年和四季降水出现了不同程度的高估或低估,对于年降水、秋冬季降水表现为高估,而对春夏季降水表现为低估。同时,TRMM 3B43 数据在位于半湿润区的气象站点的降水数据质量优于半干旱区的气象站点的数据质量。除此以外,对TRMM降水在不同海拔、坡度和坡向的精度评估发现,随着海拔的升高,TRMM降水的相对偏差呈现出增加-减少-增加的变化趋势;随着坡度的升高,TRMM降水的相对偏差呈增加趋势;TRMM降水在东北坡、东坡和东南坡的偏差相对较小,而在西坡、南坡、北坡、西南坡的偏差相对较大。     

利用水汽总量资料诊断入梅时间的方法

梅雨期是江淮流域从春季到夏季一个重要的过渡时期。传统诊断入梅的方法主要根据雨日和温度及副热带高压位置等来确定。由于雨日的不连续, 天气形势的多变, 常会引起诊断入梅日期的分歧。利用长江三角洲地区地基GPS网所反演的连续的大气水汽总量 (GPS/PWV) 资料详细分析了长江三角洲地区2002—2005年入梅情况, 发现GPS/PWV资料可以反映出入梅前后大气中水汽发生显著季节性跳跃的特征, 总结出利用大气中水汽变化特征来诊断入梅时间的方法 (PWV方法)。采用1980—2000年的历史探空资料计算的大气水汽总量 (PWV) 资料, 对该方法进行了检验:21年中有13年的入梅日期与历史上传统方法诊断的入梅日期相吻合; 对两种方法诊断的入梅日期相差较大的3年的入梅情况进行的分析表明, PWV方法诊断出的入梅日比原定入梅日更合理。该方法在2006年入梅诊断的应用也得到验证。